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** Programmer's Technical Reference for MSDOS and the IBM PC ** USA copyright TXG 392-616 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ──────────────────────────┤ DOSREF (tm) ├─────────────────────────── ISBN 1-878830-02-3 (disk-based text) Copyright (c) 1987, 1994 Dave Williams ┌─────────────────────────────┐ │ Shareware Version, 01/20/94 │ │ Please Register Your Copy │ └─────────────────────────────┘ C H A P T E R F I V E INTERRUPTS 22H THROUGH 0FFH C O N T E N T S Interrupt 22h Terminate Address .............................. 5**1 Interrupt 23h Ctrl-Break Exit Address ........................ 5**2 Interrupt 24h Critical Error Handler ......................... 5**3 Interrupt 25h Absolute Disk Read ............................. 5**4 Interrupt 26h Absolute Disk Write ............................ 5**5 Interrupt 27h Terminate And Stay Resident .................... 5**6 Interrupt 28h DOS Idle Interrupt ............................. 5**7 Interrupt 29h Fast Screen Write .............................. 5**8 Interrupt 2Ah Microsoft Networks - Session Layer Interrupt ... 5**9 Interrupt 2Bh Unknown ........................................ 5**10 Interrupt 2Ch Unknown ........................................ 5**11 Interrupt 2Dh Unknown ........................................ 5**12 Interrupt 2Eh Alternate EXEC (DOS 2.0+) ...................... 5**13 Interrupt 2Fh Multiplex Interrupt ............................ 5**14 Interrupt 30h FAR jump instruction for CP/M-style calls ...... 5**15 Interrupt 31h Unknown ........................................ 5**16 Interrupt 32h Unknown ........................................ 5**17 Interrupt 33h Used by Microsoft Mouse Driver Function Calls .. 5**18 Interrupt 34h Turbo/Microsoft langs - Floating Point emul. ... 5**19 Interrupt 35h Turbo/Microsoft langs - Floating Point emul. ... 5**20 Interrupt 36h Turbo/Microsoft langs - Floating Point emul. ... 5**21 Interrupt 37h Turbo/Microsoft langs - Floating Point emul. ... 5**22 Interrupt 38h Turbo/Microsoft langs - Floating Point emul. ... 5**23 Interrupt 39h Turbo/Microsoft langs - Floating Point emul. ... 5**24 Interrupt 3Ah Turbo/Microsoft langs - Floating Point emul. ... 5**25 Interrupt 3Bh Turbo/Microsoft langs - Floating Point emul. ... 5**26 Interrupt 3Ch Turbo/Microsoft langs - Floating Point emul. ... 5**27 Interrupt 3Dh Turbo/Microsoft langs - Floating Point emul. ... 5**28 Interrupt 3Eh Turbo/Microsoft langs - Floating Point emul. ... 5**29 Interrupt 3Fh Overlay Manager Interrupt (Microsoft LINK.EXE) . 5**30 Interrupt 40h Hard Disk BIOS ................................. 5**31 Interrupt 41h Hard Disk Parameters ........................... 5**32 Interrupt 42h Pointer to screen BIOS entry ................... 5**33 Interrupt 43h Pointer to EGA Graphics Character Table ........ 5**34 Interrupt 44h Pointer to graphics character table ............ 5**35 Interrupt 45h Reserved by IBM (not initialized) ............. 5**36 Interrupt 46h Pointer to second hard disk parameter block .... 5**37 Interrupt 47h Reserved by IBM (not initialized) ............. 5**38 Interrupt 48h Cordless Keyboard Translation .................. 5**39 Interrupt 49h Non-kbd Scan Code Translation Table Addr (PCjr) 5**40 Interrupt 4Ah Real-Time Clock Alarm (Convertible, PS/2) ...... 5**41 Interrupt 4Bh Reserved by IBM (not initialized) ............. 5**42 Interrupt 4Ch Reserved by IBM (not initialized) ............. 5**43 Interrupt 4Dh Reserved by IBM (not initialized) ............. 5**44 Interrupt 4Eh Reserved by IBM (not initialized) ............. 5**45 Interrupt 4Fh Reserved by IBM (not initialized) ............. 5**46 Interrupt 50-57 IRQ0-IRQ7 Relocation ........................... 5**47 Interrupt 58h Reserved by IBM (not initialized) ............. 5**48 Interrupt 59h Reserved by IBM (not initialized) ............. 5**49 Interrupt 5Ah Reserved by IBM (not initialized) ............ 5**50 Interrupt 5Bh Reserved by IBM (not initialized) ............. 5**51 Interrupt 5Ah Cluster Adapter BIOS entry address ............. 5**52 Interrupt 5Bh Reserved by IBM (not initialized) ............. 5**53 Interrupt 5Ch NETBIOS interface entry port, TOPS ............. 5**54 Interrupt 5Dh Reserved by IBM (not initialized) ............. 5**55 Interrupt 5Eh Reserved by IBM (not initialized) ............. 5**56 Interrupt 5Fh Reserved by IBM (not initialized) ............. 5**57 Interrupt 60h-67h User Program Interrupts ..................... 5**58 Interrupt 60h Network OS Interface ........................... 5**59 Interrupt 67h Expanded Memory Board Driver Interrupt ......... 5**60 Interrupt 68h Not Used (not initialized) .................... 5**61 Interrupt 69h Not Used (not initialized) .................... 5**62 Interrupt 6Ah Not Used (not initialized) .................... 5**63 Interrupt 6Bh Not Used (not initialized) .................... 5**64 Interrupt 6Ch System Resume Vector (Convertible) ............. 5**65 Interrupt 6Dh Not Used (not initialized) .................... 5**66 Interrupt 6Eh Not Used (not initialized) .................... 5**67 Interrupt 6Fh 10-Net API...................................... 5**68 Interrupt 70h IRQ 8, Real Time Clock Int (AT, XT/286, PS/2) .. 5**69 Interrupt 71h IRQ 9, Redirected to IRQ 8 (AT, XT/286, PS/2) .. 5**70 Interrupt 72h IRQ 10 (AT, XT/286, PS/2) Reserved ........... 5**71 Interrupt 73h IRQ 11 (AT, XT/286, PS/2) Reserved ........... 5**72 Interrupt 74h IRQ 12 Mouse Interrupt (PS/2) ................. 5**73 Interrupt 75h IRQ 13, Coprocessor Error (AT) ................. 5**74 Interrupt 76h IRQ 14, Hard Disk Controller (AT, XT/286, PS/2) 5**75 Interrupt 77h IRQ 15 (AT, XT/286, PS/2) Reserved ............ 5**76 Interrupt 78h Not Used ....................................... 5**77 Interrupt 79h Not Used ....................................... 5**78 Interrupt 7Ah Reserved ....................................... 5**79 Interrupt 7Bh-7Eh Not Used by IBM ............................. 5**80 Interrupt 7Ch REXX-PC API .................................... 5**81 Interrupt 7Fh IBM 8514/A Graphics Adapter API ................ 5**82 Interrupt 80h-85h Reserved by BASIC ........................... 5**83 Interrupt 86h Int 18 when relocated by NETBIOS ............... 5**84 Interrupt 86h-0F0h Used by BASIC when interpreter is running .. 5**85 Interrupt 0A4h Right Hand Man API ............................. 5**86 Interrupt 0D4h PC-MOS/386 API ................................. 5**87 Interrupt 0E0h Digital Research CP/M-86 function calls ........ 5**88 Interrupt 0E1h PC Cluster Disk Server Information ............. 5**89 Interrupt 0E2h PC Cluster Program ............................. 5**90 Interrupt 0E4h Logitech Modula-2 v2.0 Monitor Entry ......... 5**91 Interrupt 0E5h Not Used ....................................... 5**92 Interrupt 0E6h Not Used ....................................... 5**93 Interrupt 0E7h Not Used ....................................... 5**94 Interrupt 0E8h Not Used ....................................... 5**95 Interrupt 0E9h Not Used ....................................... 5**96 Interrupt 0EAh Not Used ....................................... 5**97 Interrupt 0EBh Not Used ....................................... 5**98 Interrupt 0ECh Not Used ....................................... 5**99 Interrupt 0EDh Not Used ....................................... 5**100 Interrupt 0EEh Not Used ....................................... 5**101 Interrupt 0EFh GEM interface (Digital Research) ............... 5**102 Interrupt 0F0h unknown ........................................ 5**103 Interrupts 0F1h-0FFh (absolute addresses 3C4h-3FFh) ........... 5**104 Interrupt 0F4h Not Used ............ .......................... 5**105 Interrupt 0F5h Not Used ............ .......................... 5**106 Interrupt 0F8h Set Shell Interrupt (OEM) ...................... 5**107 Interrupt 0F9h Reserved ....................................... 5**108 Interrupt 0FAh USART ready (RS-232C) .......................... 5**109 Interrupt 0FBh USART RS ready (keyboard) ...................... 5**110 Interrupt 0FCh Unknown ........................................ 5**111 Interrupt 0FDh reserved for user interrupt .................... 5**112 Interrupt 0FEh reserved by IBM ................................ 5**113 Interrupt 0FFh reserved by IBM ................................ 5**114 ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 22h Terminate Address ............................. 5**1 │ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ (0:0088h) This interrupt transfers control to the far (dword) address at this interrupt location when an application program terminates. The default address for this interrupt is 0:0088h through 0:008Bh. This address is copied into the program's Program Segment Prefix at bytes 0Ah through 0Dh at the time the segment is created and is restored from the PSP when the program terminates. The calling program is normally COMMAND.COM or an application. Do not issue this interrupt directly, as the EXEC function call does this for you. If an application spawns a child process, it must set the Terminate Address prior to issuing the EXEC function call, otherwise when the second program terminated it would return to the calling program's Terminate Address rather than its own. This address may be set with int 21, function 25h. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 23h Ctrl-Break Exit Address ....................... 5**2 │ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ (0:008Ch) If the user enters a Ctrl-Break during STDIN, STDOUT, STDPRN, or STDAUX, int 23h is executed. If BREAK is on, int 23h is checked on MOST function calls (notably 06h). If the user written Ctrl-Break routine saves all registers, it may end with a return-from-interrupt instruction (IRET) to continue program execution. If the user-written interrupt program returns with a long return, the carry flag is used to determine whether the program will be aborted. If the carry flag is set, the program is aborted, otherwise execution continues (as with a return by IRET). If the user-written Ctrl-Break interrupt uses function calls 09h or 0Ah, (Display String or Buffered Keyboard Input) then a three-byte string of 03h-0Dh-0Ah (ETX/CR/LF) is sent to STDOUT. If execution is continued with an IRET, I/O continues from the start of the line. When the interrupt occurs, all registers are set to the value they had when the original function call to DOS was made. There are no restrictions on what the Ctrl-Break handler is allowed to do, including DOS function calls, as long as the registers are unchanged if an IRET is used. If the program creates a new segment and loads a second program which itself changes the Ctrl-Break address, the termination of the second program and return to the first causes the Ctrl-Break address to be restored from the PSP to the value it had before execution of the second program. DOS can check for a Ctrl-C at a couple of different places. In at least some cases, the value in the AX register on entry to the int 23h handler is the same as it was on the original entry to int 21h. COMMAND.COM makes use of this fact in its int 23h handler. When running a batch file, if you press Ctrl-C it prompts you with the "Terminate batch job (Y/N)?" question. If you press Ctrl-C in response to that question, the int 23h handler notices that it's being called recursively (having set an internal flag), and uses the value of AX to determine how far it had gotten on the previous pass. If you have not responded to the query yet, it asks it again; otherwise it just terminates the current program. This could cause a problem in a program which was catching int 23h so that it could release EMS or other resources on exit, then pass it on to the original handler. When called a second time, it would correctly notice that it had already cleaned up and wouldn't do it again, but by the time it got to the original handler, AX would be trashed. The result would be the standard "Memory allocation error/Cannot load COMMAND, system halted". Apparently, if you want to catch int 23h but also pass it on to the original handler, you should either save and restore registers, or restore the original vector on the first trap so you don't get invoked again. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 24h Critical Error Handler ........................ 5**3 │ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ (0:0090h) When an unrecoverable I/O error occurs, control is transferred to an error handler in the resident part of COMMAND.COM with an int 24h. This may be the standard DOS error handler (Abort, Retry, Ignore, Fail?) or a user-written routine. On entry to the error handler, AH will have its bit 7=0 (high order bit) if the error was a disk error (probably the most common error), bit 7=1 if not. BP:SI contains the address of a Device Header Control Block from which additional information can be retrieved (see below). The register is set up for a retry operation and an error code is in the lower half of the DI register with the upper half undefined. DOS places the following items on the user stack. The stack contains the following from top to bottom: IP │ DOS registers from the issuing int 24h CS │ flags │ ───────┼─────────────────────────────────────────────────────── AX │ user registers at time of original int 21h request BX │ CX │ SI │ DI │ BP │ DS │ ES │ ───────┼─────────────────────────────────────────────────────── IP │ original int 21h from the user to DOS CS │ flags │ To reroute the critical error handler to a user-written critical error handler, the following should be done: Before an int 24h occurs: 1) The user application initialization code should save the int 24h vector and replace the vector with one pointing to the user error routine. When the int 24h occurs: 2) When the user error routine received control it should push the flag registers onto the stack and execute a far call to the original int 24h vector saved in step 1. 3) DOS gives the appropriate prompt, and waits for user input (Abort, Retry, Ignore, Fail). After the user input, DOS returns control to the user error routine instruction following the far call. 4) The user error routine can now do any tasks necessary. To return to the original application at the point the error occurred, the error routine needs to execute an IRET instruction. Otherwise, the user error routine should remove the IP, CS, and flag registers from the stack. Control can then be passed to the desired routine. Int 24h provides the following values in registers on entry to the interrupt handler: entry AH status byte (bits) 7 0 disk I/O hard error 1 other error - if block device, bad FAT - if char device, code in DI 6 unused 5 0 if IGNORE is not allowed 1 if IGNORE is allowed 4 0 if RETRY is not allowed 1 if RETRY is allowed 3 0 if FAIL is not allowed 1 if FAIL is allowed 2 \ disk area of error 00 = DOS area 01 = FAT 1 / 10 = root dir 11 = data area 0 0 if read operation 1 if write operation AL drive number if AH bit 7 = 1, otherwise undefined If it is a hard error on disk (AH bit 7=0), register AL contains the failing drive number (0=A:, 1=B:, etc.). BP:SI address of a Device Header Control Block for which error occurred. Block device if high bit of BP:SI+4 = 1 DI (low byte) error code (note: high byte is undefined) error code description 00h attempt to write on write-protected diskette 01h unknown unit 02h drive not ready 03h unknown command 04h data error (bad CRC) 05h bad request structure length 06h seek error 07h unknown media type 08h sector not found 09h printer out of paper 0Ah write fault 0Bh read fault 0Ch general failure 0Fh invalid disk change (DOS 3.0+) 10h FCB unavailable (DOS 3.0+) 11h sharing buffer overflow (DOS 3.0+) note: Only codes 00h through 0Ch are defined in DR-DOS 3.32. The handler must return this information: The registers are set such that if an IRET is executed, DOS responds according to (AL) as follows: AL 00h IGNORE the error 01h RETRY the operation 02h ABORT via int 22h (jump to terminate address) 03h FAIL the system call that is in progress (DOS 3.0+) note 1) Be careful when choosing to ignore a response because this causes DOS to think that an operation has completed successfully when it may not have. 2) If the error was a character device, the contents of AL are invalid. 3) Early PS/2 BIOSes did not perform a retry on disk errors until a disk had been read at least once after boot-up. Other Errors If AH bit 7=1, the error occurred on a character device, or was the result of a bad memory image of the FAT. The device header passed in BP:SI can be examined to determine which case exists. If the attribute byte high-order bit indicates a block device, then the error was a bad FAT. Otherwise, the error is on a character device. If a character device is involved, the contents of AL are unpredictable, and the error code is in DI as above. note 1) Before giving this routine control for disk errors, DOS performs several retries. The number of retries varies according to the DOS version. 2) For disk errors, this exit is taken only for errors occurring during an int 21h function call. It is not used for errors during an int 25h or 26h. 3) This routine is entered in a disabled state. 4) All registers must be preserved. 5) This interrupt handler should refrain from using DOS function calls. If necessary, it may use calls 01h through 12h. Use of any other call destroys the DOS stack and leaves DOS in an unpredictable state. 6) The interrupt handler must not change the contents of the device header. 7) If the interrupt handler handles errors itself rather than returning to DOS, it should restore the application program's registers from the stack, remove all but the last three words on the stack, then issue an IRET. This will return to the program immediately after the int 21h that experienced the error. Note that if this is done DOS will be in an unstable state until a function call higher than 12h is issued, therefore not recommended. 8) For DOS 3.x+, IGNORE requests (AL=0) are converted to FAIL for critical errors that occur on FAT or DIR sectors. 9) For DOS 3.10 up, IGNORE requests (AL=0) are converted to FAIL requests for network critical errors (50-79). 10) The device header pointed to by BP:SI is as follows: dword pointer to next device (0FFFFh if last device) word attributes: bit 15 1 if character device. If bit 15 is 1: bit 0 = 1 if current standard input bit 1 = 1 if current standard output bit 2 = 1 if current NULL device bit 3 = 1 if current CLOCK device 0 if block device. bit 14 is the IOCTL bit word pointer to device driver strategy entry point word pointer to device driver interrupt entry point 8 bytes character device named field for block devices. The first byte is the number of units. 11) To tell if the error occurred on a block or character device, look at bit 15 in the attribute field (WORD at BP:SI+4). 12) If the name of the character device is desired, look at the eight bytes starting at BP:SI+10. Handling of Invalid Responses (DOS 3.0+) A) If IGNORE (AL=0) is specified by the user and IGNORE is not allowed (bit 5=0), make the response FAIL (AL=3). B) If RETRY (AL=1) is specified by the user and RETRY is not allowed (bit 4=0), make the response FAIL (AL=3). C) If FAIL (AL=3) is specified by the user and FAIL is not allowed (bit 3=0), make the response ABORT. (AL=2) ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 25h Absolute Disk Read ............................ 5**4 │ │Interrupt 26h Absolute Disk Write ........................... 5**5 │ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ (0:0094h, 0:0098h) These transfer control directly to the disk device driver. On return, the original flags are still on the stack (put there by the INT instruction). This is necessary because return information is passed back in the current flags. All registers except the segment registers are destroyed by these calls. These interrupts should be avoided for software that is intended to run on a network, as they may cause troubles in network environments. PC-MOS/386 provides these services only for compatibility with existing DOS-mode apps. 25h/26h are not available for native mode 386-mode DOS apps. The number of sectors specified is transferred between the given drive and the transfer address. Logical sector numbers are obtained by numbering each sector sequentially starting from track 0, head 0, sector 1 (logical sector 0) and continuing along the same head, then to the next head until the last sector on the last head of the track is counted. Thus, logical sector 1 is track 0, head 0, sector 2; logical sector 2 is track 0, head 0, sector 3; and so on. Numbering then continues wih sector 1 on head 0 of the next track. Note that although the sectors are sequentially numbered (for example, sectors 2 and 3 on track 0 in the example above), they may not be physically adjacent on disk, due to interleaving. Note that the mapping is different from that used by DOS 1.10 for double-sided diskettes. The request is as follows: int 25h for Absolute Disk Read, | except Compaq DOS 3.31 or DOS 4.0+ int 26h for Absolute Disk Write | over-32Mb partitions entry AL drive number (0=A:, 1=B:, etc) CX number of sectors to read (int 25h) or write (int 26h) DS:BX segment/offset of disk transfer address buffer (DTA) DX first relative sector to read - beginning logical sector number return CF set if error AL error code issued to int 24h in low half of DI AH 01h bad command 02h bad address mark 03h write-protected disk 04h requested sector not found 08h DMA failure 10h data error (bad CRC) 20h controller failed 40h seek operation failed 80h attachment failed to respond note 1) DOS returns with a far ret which leave the original flags on the stack. Be sure to pop the stack to prevent uncontrolled growth. 2) MSC 3.0's int86() was a straight interrupt call. MSC 4.0 and later make special provision for adjusting the stack on int 25h and 26h. This probably won't hurt anything but you should be aware of it. 3) Ints 25h and 26h will try rereading a disk if they get an error the first time. To address partition sizes greater than 32Mb an extended format is provided in Compaq DOS 3.31, DOS 4.0, and DR-DOS. This format passes a 32-bit address value by means of a parameter block. The extended format may be used to address disks smaller than 32Mb as well as larger. The request is as follows: int 25h for Absolute Disk Read, | Compaq DOS 3.31 or DOS 4.0+ int 26h for Absolute Disk Write | over-32Mb partitions entry AL drive number (0=A:, 1=B:, etc) CX 0FFFFh DS:BX address of parameter block. Block format: 4 bytes sector number 2 bytes number of sectors to read 4 bytes FAR pointer to buffer return CF set if error AL error code issued to int 24h in low half of DI AH 01h bad command 02h bad address mark 03h write-protected disk 04h requested sector not found 08h DMA failure 10h data error (bad CRC) 20h controller failed 40h seek operation failed 80h attachment failed to respond note 1) DOS returns with a far ret which leave the original flags on the stack. Be sure to pop the stack to prevent uncontrolled growth. 2) MSC 3.0's int86() was a straight interrupt call. MSC 4.0 and later make special provision for adjusting the stack on int 25h and 26h. This probably won't hurt anything but you should be aware of it. 3) Ints 25h and 26h will try rereading a disk if they get an error the first time. 4) Partition is potentially >32M (and requires this form of the call) if bit 1 of device attribute word in device driver is set. 5) In the IBM OS/2 Tech Ref Volume 1, page 7-33, under "DOS Environment Software Interrupt Support", it lists: 25h direct read supported 26h direct write an error is returned on requests for non-removable media Interrupts 25h and 26h can read logical sectors only. They cannot read hidden sectors. Critical errors are not processed by ints 25h and 26h. Should one happen, the interrupt routine will return an error value to the program but will not itself call the critical error handler at int 24h. The Microsoft DOS 5.0 Technical Reference refers to this call as "superceded" and directs you to int 21h, fn 440Dh, minor code 61h, "Read Track on Logical Drive" and minor code 41h, "Write Track on Logical Drive." See Chapter 4. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 27h Terminate And Stay Resident ................... 5**6 │ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ (0:009Ch) (obsolete) This vector is used by programs that are to remain resident when COMMAND.COM regains control. After initializing itself, the program must set DX to its last address plus one relative to the program's initial DS or ES value (the offset at which other programs can be loaded), then execute interrupt 27h. DOS then considers the program as an extension of itself, so the program is not overlaid when other programs are executed. This is useful for loading programs such as utilities and interrupt handlers that must remain resident. entry CS current program segment DX last program byte + 1 return none note 1) This interrupt must not be used by .EXE programs that are loaded into the high end of memory. 2) This interrupt restores the interrupt 22h, 23h, and 24h vectors in the same manner as interrupt 20h. Therefore, it cannot be used to install permanently resident Ctrl-Break or critical error handler routines. 3) The maximum size of memory that can be made resident by this method is 64K. 4) Memory can be more efficiently used if the block containing a copy of the environment is deallocated before terminating. This can be done by loading ES with the segment contained in 2Ch of the PSP, and issuing function call 49h (Free Allocated Memory). 5) DOS function call 4Ch allows a program to pass a completion code to DOS, which can be interpreted with processing (see function call 31h). 6) If int 27h is called by a program linked with the /HIGH switch, it will occupy the top of memory and prevent COMMAND.COM from reloading, which is probably not what you want. 7) Int 21, function 31h is the preferred method to cause a program to remain resident because this allows return information to be passed and allows a program larger than 64K to remain resident. 8) It is possible to make an EXE program resident with this call by putting a 27h in the second byte of the PSP and terminating with a RET FAR. 9) Programs terminating with int 27h do not close files on exit. Your program must explicitly close any opened files before going resident. 10) Int 27h does not work correctly when DX contains values from 0FFF1h to 0FFFFh. In this case, DOS discards the high bit of the contents of DX, resulting in 32k less resident memory than was requested by the program. 11) This interrupt will work with PC-MOS/386, but there are a number of MOS-specific advantages to using int 21h/31h instead. See Chapter 4 for further explanation. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 28h (not documented by Microsoft) ................. 5**7 │ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ * DOS Idle Interrupt Int 28h has been provided by DOS since release 2.0. The int 28h process is similar to the "Timer Tick" process provided by BIOS via int 1Ch in that it is an "outbound" (from DOS) call which an application can "hook onto" to get service at a particular entry point. DOS normally only issues int 28h when it recieves a function call (int 21h) from a foreground application with an argument in the range of 0 thru 12 (0Ch) in the AH register, or when it is idling waiting for keyboard input. In effect, when DOS issues int 28h, it is saying to the background task "I'm not doing anything hot right now, if you can use the time, go ahead." This means that a foreground application which doesn't do many low-number DOS functions can preempt CPU time easily. When int 28h is being issued it is usually safe to do DOS calls. You won't get int 28hs if a program is running that doesn't do its keyboard input through DOS. You should rely on the timer interrupt for these. It is used primarily by the PRINT.COM routines, but any number of other routines can be chained to it by saving the original vector and calling it with a FAR call (or just JMPing to it) at the end of the new routine. Int 28h is not called at all when any non-trivial foreground task is running. As soon as a foreground program has a file open, int 28h no longer gets called. Could make a good driver for for a background program that works as long as there is nothing else going on in the machine. DOS uses 3 separate internal stacks: one for calls 01h through 0Ch; another for calls 0Dh and above; and a third for calls 01h through 0Ch when a Critical Error is in progress. When int 28h is called, any calls above 0Ch can be executed without destroying the internal stack used by DOS at the time. The byte which is pushed on the stack before an int 28h just indicates which stack area is being used by the current int 21h call. In DOS 3.1, the code sequence that calls int 28h looks like this: PUSH SS:[0304] INT 28 POP SS:[0304] The low-order byte of the word pushed contains 1 if the int 21h call currently in progress is for services 1 through 0Ch, and 0 for service 0 and for 0Dh and up. Assuming that the last DOS call was not a reentrant one, this tells you which set of DOS services should be safe to call. entry no parameters available return none note 1) The int 28h handler may invoke any int 21h function except functions 00h through 0Ch (and 50h/51h under DOS 2.x unless DOS CritErr flag is set). 2) Apparently int 28h is also called during screen writes. 3) Until some program installs its own routine, this interrupt vector simply points to an IRET opcode. 4) Supported in OS/2 1.0's DOS Compatibility Box. 5) It is possible, if you are careful, to enhance the background priority by providing more int 28h calls than DOS normally would issue. 6) If the InDOS flag is zero on int 28h, then it was called by someone other than DOS, and the word on the stack should NOT be examined. 7) From Quarterdeck Tech Support: "Turbo Pascal 4.0 uses int 28h as a convenience for its SideKick product users. Interrupt 28 is the DOS busy flag which DESQview treats as a pause and gives up time... foreground gets little time and background gets a lot...reverse of normal." 8) This interrupt is supported by PC-MOS/386 and MS Windows 3.0+. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 29h (not documented by Microsoft) ................. 5**8 │ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ * Internal - Quick Screen Output This method is extremely fast (much faster than DOS 21h subfunctions 2 and 9, for example), and it is portable, even to "non-compatible" MS-DOS computers. entry AL ASCII value for character to output to screen return unknown note 1) Documented by Digital Equipment's DOS Reference as provided with the DEC Rainbow. Also documented by Digital Research in the DR-DOS manual. 2) If ANSI.SYS is installed, character output is filtered through it. 3) Works on the IBM PC and compatibles, Wang PC, HP-150 and Vectra, DEC Rainbow, NEC APC, Texas Instruments PC and others. 4) This interrupt is called from the DOS's output routines if output is going to a device rather than a file, and the device driver's attribute word has bit 3 (04h) set to "1". 5) This call has been tested with MSDOS 2.11, PCDOS 2.1, PCDOS 3.1, PCDOS 3.2, PCDOS 3.3, PCDOS 4.01, and Compaq DOS 3.31. 6) Used in IBMBIO.COM as a vector to int 10, function 0Eh (write TTY) followed by an IRET. 7) Most of the fast ANSI device drivers use this interrupt - ZANSI.SYS, NANSI.SYS, and PCMag's ANSI.COM, Quarterdeck's DVANSI.SYS. 8) When using int 29h to output characters the ASCII 7 (BELL) will suppress character output while the bell is sounding. 9) When device drivers (or the SYSINIT module which loads the drivers) need to do console output, they use int 29h, to call the console device driver directly. For example, messages telling you about errors in your CONFIG.SYS file are printed using this service. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 2Ah Microsoft Networks - Session Layer Interrupt .. 5**9 │ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ 1) This interrupt was not officially documented by Microsoft until the release of Windows 3.0, which has setup parameters for int 2Ah. 2) LANtastic NetBIOS interface, original IBM PC LAN interface. 3) NetBIOS alternate interface. The alternate interface (2Ah) was originally designed as a "higher" level interface to network communications rather than the "low" level interface (5Ch) provided by the NETBIOS. The 2Ah interface, however, does not support any higher level functions than does the 5Ch interface and therefore has not become a de facto standard as has the 5Ch interface. 4) Most DOS 4.0 external programs (SHARE, etc) check this interrupt during installation. entry AH 00h Check for Int 2Ah Network BIOS Installation return AH nonzero if installed 01h Execute NETBIOS Request (no error retry) ES:BX pointer to NCB return AL NETBIOS error code AH 00h if no error 01h if error 02h Set Net Printer Mode 03h Get Shared-Device Direct I/O Status AL 00h DS:SI pointer to ASCIIZ disk device name return CF clear if allowed set if denied note 1) Direct I/O is through ints 13h, 25h, or 26h. 2) If the device is redirected (see int 21h/5F02h) or this call returns with carry set, the program should not perform direct disk I/O. 3) The device pointed to by DS:SI must include the colon in the drive:pathname. 4) It may take some time for this call to return to the calling program. Do not use in time-sensitive applications. 04h Execute NETBIOS AL 00h retry on error 01h no retry on error ES:BX pointer to network control block return AX 0000h for no error AH 01h if error AL error code (unknown) note 1) IBM PC LAN says, "for adapter independence, use int 2Ah. No not use 5Ch function provided by the network adapter." 2) Error codes that are automatically retried are: 09h no session resources available 12h session open rejected 21h interface busy 05h Get Network Resource Information AL 00h return AX reserved BX # of network names (16 - names in use) CX number of available NCB commands DX number of sessions (max - pending) 06h Network Print-Stream Control (IBM PC LAN) AL 01h Set spooled output to concatenation mode 02h Set spooled output to truncation mode 03h Trunate printer stream return CF clear no error set AX DOS error code (LANtastic) AL 01h Set spooled output to combined mode return none 02h Set spooled output in separate mode return none note Printer output is not combined when multiple programs are run or when the printer is opened or closed. This cmd. implicitly starts a new print job. 03h Flush printer output return none note 1) Printer output is flushed and a new print job is started. If no output exists to be flushed then this function has no affect. 2) 03h is equivalent to Ctrl/Alt/keypad-* note NETBIOS 1.10 07h-19h unknown 20h unknown note AL=01h intercepted by DESQview 2.0. 23h Receive Broadcast Datagram IBM PC LAN 1.2. Manual says "use is not allowed". 80h Begin DOS Critical Section AL critical section number (1 to 6) note SHARE.EXE uses critical section number 01h. 81h End DOS Critical Section AL critical section number (1 to 6) note SHARE.EXE uses critical section number 01h. 82h Server Hook stack AX from call to int 21h return stack unchanged note Called by the int 21h function dispatcher in DOS 3.10+ for function 0 and functions greater than 0Ch except 59h. 84h Keyboard Busy Loop note Same functionality as DOS's int 28h? 87h Used by DOS PRINT to mark Critical Regions: AL 00h Begin Critical Region 01h End Critical Region return CF set region already active 0A3h Receive Broadcast Datagram IBM PC LAN 1.2. Manual says "use is not allowed". ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 2Bh (not documented by Microsoft) ................. 5**10│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ * Unknown - Internal Routine for DOS (IRET) ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 2Ch (not documented by Microsoft) ................. 5**11│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ * Unknown - Internal Routine for DOS (IRET) ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 2Dh (not documented by Microsoft) ................. 5**12│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ * Unknown - Internal Routine for DOS (IRET) ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 2Eh (undocumented by Microsoft) (DOS 2.0+) ....... 5**13│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ * Internal Routine for DOS (Alternate EXEC) This interrupt passes a command line addressed by DS:SI to COMMAND.COM. The command line must be formatted just like the unformatted parameter area of a Program Segment Prefix. That is, the first byte must be a count of characters, and the second and subsequent bytes must be a command line with parameters, terminated by a carriage return character. When executed, int 2Eh will reload the transient part of the command interpreter if it is not currently in memory. If called from a program that was called from a batch file, it will abort the batch file. If executed from a program which has been spawned by the EXEC function, it will abort the whole chain and probably lock up the computer. Int 2Eh also destroys all registers including the stack pointer. Int 2Eh is called from the transient portion of the program to reset the DOS PSP pointers using the above Functions #81 & #80, and then reenters the resident program. When called with a valid command line, the command will be carried out by COMMAND.COM just as though you had typed it in at the DOS prompt. Note that the count does not include the carriage return. This is an elegant way to perform a SET from an application program against the master environment block for example. entry DS:SI pointer to an ASCIIZ command line in the form: count byte ASCII string carriage return null byte note 1) Destroys all registers including stack pointer. 2) Seems to work OK in both DOS 2.x and 3.x. 3) It is reportedly not used by DOS. 4) As far as known, int 2Eh is not used by DOS 3.1, although it was called by COMMAND.COM of PCDOS 3.0, so it appears to be in 3.1 only for the sake of compatibility. 5) Not used by the aftermarket 4DOS command interpreter prior to version 3.0. 3.0 merely hooks this vector and does nothing with it. 3.02 and later provide a TSR to add 2Eh capability. 6) Trapped by PC-MOS/386 to prevent illegal entry into the command processor. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 2Fh Multiplex Interrupt ........................... 5**14│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ Interrupt 2Fh is the multiplex interrupt. A general interface is defined between two processes. It is up to the specific application using interrupt 2Fh to define specific functions and parameters. This interrupt is becoming more commonly used as the available interrupt 21 functions are getting to be in short supply. Int 2Fh doesn't require any support from DOS itself for it to be used in application programs. It's not handled by DOS, but by the programs themselves. Every multiplex interrupt handler is assigned a specific multiplex number. The multiplex number is specified in the AH register; the AH value tells which program your request is directed toward. The specific function that the handler is to perform is placed in the AL register. Other parameters are places in the other registers as needed. The handlers are chained into the 2Fh interrupt vector and the multiplex number is checked to see if any other application is using the same multiplex number. There is no predefined method for assigning a multiplex number to a handler. You must just pick one. To avoid a conflict if two applications choose the same multiplex number, the multiplex numbers used by an application should be patchable. In order to check for a previous installation of the current application, you can search memory for a unique string included in your program. If the value you wanted in AH is taken but you don't find the string, then another application has grabbed that location. Int 2Fh was not documented under DOS 2.x. There is no reason not to use int 2Fh as the multiplex interrupt in DOS 2.x. The only problem is that DOS 2.x does not initialize the int 2Fh vector, so when you try to chain to it like you are supposed to, it will crash. If your program checks the vector for being zero and initializes it itself or doesn't chain in that case, it will work for you n 2.x just the same as 3.x. DOS 3.2 itself contains some int 2Fh handlers - it uses values of 08h, 13h, and 0F8h. There may be more. NLSFUNC from DOS 3.3 up uses part of int 2Fh and so does GRAFTABL. For int 2Fh calls, register AH identifies which program is to handle the interrupt. AH values 00h-7Fh are reserved for DOS, not that anyone cares much. Values 0C0h-0FFh are reserved for applications. Register AL contains the subfunction code if used. IBM has reported that PC-DOS 4.0 will sometimes hang when substituting int 2Fh for int 67h for network calls. Most of DOS 4.0's external commands check the 2Fh PRINT and other statuses while operating for enhanced network support. DOS 4.0 SHARE.EXE traps the 2Fh interrupt. IBM and Microsoft DOS programming information for versions prior to 4.0 strongly imply that 2Fh functions not used by PRINT.COM are open for general use. DOS 4.0 uses quite a few 2Fh functions and this may be a cause of incompatibility with some software. LANtastic NOS SERVER.EXE v2.49s and earlier will not run under DOS 4.x due to int 2Fh conflicts. This conflict also occurs under DR-DOS versions 3.40 and 3.41. DR-DOS is internally similar to DOS 4.0. Function 01h PRINT.COM PC-DOS 3.3's PRINT.COM hooks the following interrupt vectors: 05h PrintScreen Interrupt 13h BIOS Disk Interrupt 14h BIOS Serial Communications Interrupt 15h BIOS "System Services" Interrupt 17h BIOS Printer Interrupt 19h Bootstrap Loader Interrupt 1Ch Timer Tick 23h Control-C Terminate Address 24h Critical Error Handler Address 28h DOS Idle Interrupt (undocumented) 2Fh Multiplex Interrupt entry AH 01h AL 00h PRINT Get Installed State This call must be defined by all int 2Fh handlers. It is used by the caller of the handler to determine if the handler is present. On entry, AL=0. On return, AL contains the installed state as follows: return AL 0FFh installed 01h not installed, not OK to install 00h not installed, OK to install 01h PRINT Submit File DS:DX pointer to submit packet format byte level dword pointer to ASCIIZ filename return CF set if error AX error code note 1) A submit packet contains the level (BYTE) and a pointer to the ASCIIZ string (DWORD in offset:segment form). The ASCIIZ string must contain the drive, path, and filename of the file you want to print. The filename cannot contain global filename characters. return CF set if error AX error code 02h PRINT Cancel File On entry, AL=2 and DS:DX points to the ASCIIZ string for the print file you want to cancel. Global filename characters are allowed in the filename. DS:DX pointer to ASCIIZ file name to cancel (wildcards OK) return CF set if error AX error code 03h PRINT Remove All Files return CF set if error AX error code 04h PRINT Hold Queue/Get Status This call holds the jobs in the print queue so that you can scan the queue. Issuing any other code releases the jobs. On entry, AL=4. On return, DX contains the error count. DS:SI points to the print queue. The print queue consists of a series of filename entries. Each entry is 64 bytes long. The first entry in the queue is the file currently being printed. The end of the queue is marked by the entry having a null as the first character. return DX error count DS:SI pointer to print queue (null-string terminated list of 64-byte ASCIIZ filenames) CF set if error AX error code 01h function invalid 02h file not found 03h path not found 04h too many open files 05h access denied 08h queue full 09h spooler busy 0Ch name too long 0Fh drive invalid 05h PRINT release print jobs return none note 1) This call has no parameters. 2) Restarts the print queue. This call must be called to restart the current print job or after calling function 04h to pause the print job. 06h PRINT get printer device (DOS 3.3+) return CF clear OK AX 0000h CF set AX 0008h (ERROR_QUEUE_FULL) DS:SI pointer to printer device header struc. note 1) This call has no parameters. 2) Function 02h PC LAN Program entry AH 02h other parameters unknown Function 05h DOS 3.0+ Critical Error Handler entry AH 05h AL 00h Installation Check return AL 00h not installed, OK to install 01h not installed, not OK to install 0FFh installed note This set of functions allows a user program to partially or completely override the default critical error handler in COMMAND.COM. AL xxh Handle Error - nonzero error code in AL (xxh indicates nonzero extended error code) return CF clear ES:DI pointer to ASCIIZ error message AL (?) CF set use default error handler for LANtastic LANOS: entry AH 05h AL 00h for installation check # for error code (in pre DOS 4.00) 1 or 2 for error code in DOS 4.00 BX in Error code return CF clear if error code converted to text set if error code can't be converted ES:DI pointer to ASCIIZ text buffer containing error text. This is a read-only text buffer and you must not alter the text in this buffer. Function 06h ASSIGN entry AH 06h AL 00h Installation Check 01h Get Memory Segment return (AH=00h) AL (to 4.01) nonzero if ASSIGN is installed (5.0) 0FFh if ASSIGN is installed (AH=01h) ES segment of ASSIGN work area note 1) Many references report the return value in AH, but this call appears to return its information in AL. 2) Microsoft Press' "Advanced MSDOS Programming" (Second Edition) documents int 2Fh, AX=2000 to check for ASSIGN, but according to Ray Duncan (the author) this is a typo. Function 08h DRIVER.SYS entry AH 08h AL 00h Installation Check return AL 00h not installed, OK to install 01h not installed, not OK to install 0FFh installed 01h Add New Block Device DS:DI pointer to device driver header note Moves down list of drivers, copying and modifying word at offset 29h. Device driver appended to driver chain. 02h Execute Device Driver Request ES:BX pointer to device driver request header return Request header updated as per requested operation. Function 10h SHARE (DOS 3.0+) entry AH 10h AL 00h Installation Check return AL 00h not installed, OK to install 01h not installed, not OK to install 0FFh installed note 1) Values of AL other than 00h appear to put DOS 3.3 SHARE into an infinite loop. 2) PC-MOS/386 will always report SHARE.EXE as being present, as its functions are duplicated within the PC-MOS/386 kernel. 3) If DOS 4.0's SHARE is loaded manually, either in the CONFIG or AUTOEXEC file, it can't access the NUL device if 4DOS 3.x is installed. If SHARE.EXE is in the root, the problem doesn't usually occur. It's been reported that 4DOS is not the only program that has problems with SHARE.EXE and the NUL device, so it's more likely to be an MS-DOS problem than a 4DOS problem. (dgh on BIX) 4) MS Windows intercepts this call and always returns nonzero regardless of SHARE's presence. If your program uses file sharing you should try locking and reading a file and watch for the error codes returned by int 21h/5Ch. (Lock/Unlock File) 5) SHARE function is built into DR-DOS 3.4x, but was removed to a separate TSR module in 5.0 and 6.0. Function 11h Multiplex - Network Redirection note In DOS 4.0+, the 11xx calls are all in IFSFUNC.EXE, not in the PC LAN Program redirector. entry AH 11h AL 00h Installation Check return AL 00h not installed, OK to install 01h not installed, not OK to install 0FFh installed 06h Close Remote File 08h Read From Remote File 09h Write to Remote File 0Ah Lock Region of File BX file handle CX:DX starting offset SI high word of size stack word low word of size return CF set on error AL DOS error code stack unchanged 0Bh Unlock a File Region BX file handle CX:DX starting offset SI high word of size stack word low word of size return CF set on error AL DOS error code stack unchanged 0Ch Get Disk Space return AL sectors per cluster BX total clusters CX bytes per sector DX number of available clusters 0Dh unknown 0Eh Set Remote File's Attributes 0Fh Get Remote File's Attributes 10h unknown 11h Rename Remote File 12h unknown 13h Delete Remote File? 14h unknown 15h unknown 16h Open Existing Remote File? 17h unknown 18h unknown 19h CHDIR? 1Ah unknown 1Bh Find First? 1Ch Find Next? 1Dh Close All Remote Files for Process? 1Eh Do Redirection stack word function to execute 5F02h get redirection list entry BX redirection list index DS:SI pointer to 16-byte local device name buffer ES:DI pointer to 128-byte network name buffer 5F03h redirect device BL device type (see 21h/5F03h) CX stored parameter value DS:SI pointer to ASCIIZ source device name ES:DI pointer to destination ASCIIZ network path + ASCIIZ password 5F04h cancel redirection DS:SI pointer to ASCIIZ device name or network path return CF set on error 1Fh Printer Setup stack word function 5E02h set printer setup 5E03h get printer setup return CF set on error 20h Reset Disks and Flush Buffers? 21h Seek on Remote File? return CF set on error clear if successful DX:AX new file position? 22h Process Termination Hook? 23h-26h unknown Function 12h Multiplex, DOS 3.0+ Internal Services Function 13h DOS 3.3+(?) Monitor Int 19h entry AH 13h DS:DX pointer to the int13h vector to be restored when doing an int19h call ES:BX pointer to the int13h vector to be used when DOS passes the int13h call along return DS:DX the original int13h vector used by int19h ES:BX the original int13h vector to which DOS passed the calls along note Usually, the original vectors will be the same thing, either F000:EC59 for floppy disk systems, or maybe F000:A343 for hard disk systems, but these guys could vary, especially if you're using a non-standard controller. Function 14h NLSFUNC.COM entry AH 14h AL 00h installation check return AL 00h not installed, OK to install 01h not installed, not OK to install 0FFh installed 01h unknown note Calls int 2Fh/1227h under certain circumstances. 02h unknown note Calls int 2Fh/1227h under certain circumstances. 03h unknown note In DOS 3.3, appears to be identical to subfunction 01h. other parameters unknown Function 15h CD-ROM extensions Microsoft CD-ROM driver versions 1.0 through 2.0 will work only up to DOS 3.31. DOS 4.0 and up require 2.1 drivers. MSCDEX abandons INT 13; and redirection within DOS to do its work. Some LAN software, such as LANtastic, uses the same mechanism to implement network drives. MSCDEX provides IFS functionality in any version of DOS back to 3.0. entry AH 15h CD-ROM services AL subfunctions 00h Get Number of CD-ROM Drives (Installation Check) BX 00h return BX number of CD-ROM drive letters used 0000h MSCDEX not installed CX starting drive letter (0=A:, 1=B:, etc) note This installation check does not follow the format used by other software. 01h Get Drive Device List ES:BX pointer to buffer to hold drive letter list (5 bytes per drive letter) return buffer filled, for each drive letter: byte subunit number in driver dword address of device driver header 02h Get Copyright File Name CX drive number (0=A:) ES:BX pointer to 38-byte buffer for name of copyright file return CF set if drive is not a CD-ROM drive AX error code (15h) 03h Get Abstract File Name ES:BX pointer to 38-byte buffer for name of abstract file CX drive number (0=A:) return CF set if drive is not a CD-ROM drive AX error code (15h) 04h Get Bibliographic Doc File Name CX drive number (0=A:) ES:BX pointer to 38-byte buffer for name of bibliographic documentation file return CF set if drive is not a CD-ROM drive AX error code (15h) 05h Read VTOC (Volume Table of Contents) CX drive number (0=A:) DX sector index (0=first volume descriptor, 1=second,...) ES:BX pointer to 2048-byte buffer return CF set on error AX error code (15h, 21h) CF clear if successful AX volume descriptor type 00h other 01h standard 0FFh terminator 06h Turn Debugging On BX debugging function to enable note Reserved for development. 07h Turn Debugging Off BX debugging function to disable note Reserved for development. 08h Absolute Disk Read CX drive number (0=A:) DX number of sectors to read ES:BX pointer to buffer SI:DI starting sector number return CF set on error AL error code (15h, 21h) 09h Absolute Disk Write CX drive number (0=A:) DX number of sectors to write ES:BX pointer to buffer SI:DI starting sector number note Corresponds to int 26h and is currently reserved and nonfunctional. 0Ah Reserved by Microsoft 0Bh CD-ROM 2.00 - Drive Check CX drive number (0=A:) return BX 0ADADh if MSCDEX.EXE installed AX 0000h if drive not supported <>0 if supported 0Ch CD-ROM 2.00 - Get MSCDEX.EXE Version return BH major version BL minor version note MSCDEX.EXE versions prior to 1.02 return BX=0. 0Dh CD-ROM 2.00 - Get CD-ROM Drive Letters ES:BX pointer to buffer for drive letter list (1 byte per drive) return Buffer filled with drive numbers (0=A:). Each byte corresponds to the drive in the same position for function 1501h. 0Eh CDROM 2.00 - Get/Set Volume Descriptor Preference BX subfunction 00h Get Preference DX 0000h return DX preference settings 01h Set Preference DH volume descriptor preference 01h primary volume descriptor 02h supplementary volume descriptor DL Supplementary Volume Descriptor Preference 01h shift-Kanji CX drive number (0=A:) return CF set on error AX error code (01h, 15h) 0Fh CD-ROM 2.00 - Get Directory Entry CX drive number (0=A:) ES:BX pointer to ASCIIZ pathname SI:DI pointer to 255-byte buffer for directory entry return CF set on error AX error code CF clear if succesful AX disk format (0=High Sierra, 1=ISO 9660) note Directory entry format: byte length of directory entry byte length of XAR in LBN's dword LBN of data, Intel (little-Endian) format dword LBN of data, Motorola (big-Endian) format dword length of file, Intel format dword length of file, Motorola format ---High Sierra--- 6 bytes date and time byte bit flags byte reserved ---ISO 9660--- 7 bytes data and time byte bit flags ---both formats--- byte interleave size byte interleave skip factor word volume set sequence number, Intel format word volume set sequence number, Motorola format byte length of file name n bytes file name byte (optional) padding if filename is odd length n bytes system data Error codes: 01h invalid function 15h invalid drive 21h not ready Function 16h MS-DOS Idle Call (DOS 5.0+, OS/2 2.0, Windows 3.0+) entry AH 16h idle call AL 80h return AL 00h idle call is supported nonzero idle call is not supported note 1) When your program is waiting for user input or otherwise not doing useful work, you can call this function in a loop. Properly written background programs can monitor this call to determine if it is safe to do processing. This call originated in Windows 3.0, then the OS/2 2.0 DOS box, and finally in DOS 5, where DOSSHELL uses it so processes can tell the shell when it is safe to swap tasks. It's also used by the Microsoft Laptop Power Management API. 2) The MS 5.0 Technical Reference recommends making sure the int 2Fh vector is nonzero before calling this function. This would be to ensure you are running a DOS version that has 2Fh support. 3) This call is nonblocking, that is, the system does not suspend the program unless another program is ready to run. Usually the call returns immediately and the program continues running. 4) Windows apps should NOT issue this interrupt. Function 17h MS Windows Clipboard API (3.0+) no registers known note This is the interface to the Clipboard. You can open the Clipboard, determine the size of the data in the Clipboard, read the Clipboard, write the Clipboard, clear the Clipboard, and close the Clipboard. Function 19h SHELLB.COM (DOS 4.0+) entry AH 00h SHELLB.COM - Installation Check return AL 00h not installed 0FFh installed 01h SHELLC.EXE Interface BL 00h if SHELLC transient 01h if SHELLC resident DS:DX pointer to far call entry point for resident SHELLC.EXE return ES:DI ptr to SHELLC.EXE workspace within SHELLB.COM note SHELLB.COM and SHELLC.EXE are parts of the DOS 4.x shell 02h SHELLB.COM - COMMAND.COM Interface ES:DI pointer to ASCIIZ full filename of current batch file, with at least the final filename element uppercased DS:DX pointer to buffer for results return AL 00h failed, either (a) final filename element quoted at ES:DI does not match identity of shell batch file quoted as parm of most recent call of SHELLB command, or (b) no more Program Start Commands available. 0FFh success, then: memory at DS:[DX+1] onwards filled as: DX+1: byte count of bytes of PSC DX+2: n bytes Program Start Command text byte 0Dh terminator note COMMAND.COM executes the result of this call in preference to reading a command from a batch file. Thus the batch file does not advance in execution for so long as SHELLB provides PSCs from its workspace. The PSCs are planted in SHELLB workspace by SHELLC, the user menu interface. The final PSC of a sequence is finished with a GOTO COMMON, which causes a loop back in the batch file which called SHELLC so as to execute SHELLC again. The check on batch file name permits PSCs to CALL nested batch files while PSCs are still stacked up for subsequent execution. 03h SHELLB.COM - COMMAND.COM Interface ES:DI pointer to ASCIIZ batch file name as for fn 02h return AL 00h quoted batch files does not match last SHELLB parameter 0FFh quoted batch file name matches last SHELLB parameter 04h SHELLB.COM - SHELLB.COM transient to TSR interface return ES:DI pointer to name of current shell batch file: word number of bytes of name following bytes (8 max) uppercase name of shell batch file Function 1Ah ANSI.SYS (DOS 4.0+) entry AH 00h Installation Check return AL 00h not installed 0FFh if installed 01h Get/Set Display Information CL 5Fh set information 7Fh get information DS:DX pointer to parameter block as for int 21h, AX=440Ch, CX=037Fh/ 035Fh respectively return CF set on error AX error code (unknown) clear if successful note 1) AX is destroyed. 2) May be the DOS IOCTL interface to ANSI.SYS. Function 1Bh XMA2EMS.SYS (DOS 4.0+) entry AH 00h Installation Check return AL 0FFh if installed 01h Get Hidden Frame Information DI hidden physical page number return AX 0000h if successful ES segment of page frame DI physical page number 0FFFFh if failed (no such hidden page) note 1) XMA2EMS.SYS extension is only installed if DOS has page frames to hide. This extension hooks onto int 67h fn 58h and returns from that call data which excludes the physical pages being used by DOS. 2) Function 02h corresponds to the data edited out of the int 67h/fn 58h call. Function 43h Microsoft Extended Memory Specification (XMS) The XMS version 2.00 for MS-DOS allows DOS programs to utilize additional memory found in 80286 and 80386 machines. With some restrictions, XMS adds about 64K to the 640K which DOS programs can access directly. XMS also provides DOS programs with a standard method for storing data in extended memory. See Chapter 10 for API. Function 48h DOSKEY.COM (DOS 5.0+) entry AH 48h DOSKEY.COM AL 00h Get Installed State return AL 00h not installed 0FFh installed AL 10h Read Command Line DS:DX pointer to buffer to take the command line buffer: offset description 00h buffer size (max 128 bytes) 01h the number of characters, minus 1. The final CR is copied to the buffer but not included in the byte count. 02h the first byte of the input line. return AX 0000h DS:DX filled with command line note AX=0 if the user types a macro name, and the buffer is not filled. Your program must call the function a second time to expand the macro and copy the macro text to the buffer. Function 4Ah DOS 5.0 HMA Services (undocumented) entry AH 4Ah AL 01h Get Size return BX number of bytes (possibly 0) of available HMA ES:DI start of the available HMA Function 4Bh Microsoft Task Switcher API (DOS 5.0+) entry AH 4Bh entry AL 01h Build_Callout_Chain ES:BX 0:0 CX:DX switcher call-in address return ES:BX address of the app's Switch_Call_Back_Info data structure note All other registers must be preserved. entry AL 02h Detect Switcher entry AL 03h Allocate Switcher ID entry AL 04h Free Switcher ID entry AL 05h Identify Instance Data Function 64h SCRNSAV2 entry AH 64h AL 00h installation check return AL 00h not installed 0FFh installed note SCRNSAV2.COM is a screen blanker for PS/2s with VGA by Alan Ballard. Function 7Ah Novell NetWare entry AH 7Ah AL 00h installation check return AL 00h not installed 0FFh installed ES:DI pointer to FAR entry point for routines otherwise accessed through int 21h note 1) Returns address of entry point for IPX and SPX. 2) Parameters are listed in Chapter 13. Function 87h APPEND entry AH 87h AL 00h APPEND installation check return AH <> 0 if installed 01h APPEND - unknown 02h APPEND - version check return unknown Function 88h Microsoft Networks entry AH 88h AL 00h network program installation check return AH <> 0 if installed BX installed component flags (test in this order!) bits 2 messenger 3 redirector 6 server 7 receiver other bits not used, do not test 01h unknown 02h unknown 03h get current POST address return ES:BX POST address 04h set new POST address ES:BX new POST address 09h network version check Function 89h WHOA! (slows system down for games) entry AH 89h AL 00h installation check return AL 00h not installed 0FFh installed 01h uninstall return AL 0FDh successful 0FEh error 02h set delay count BX = delay count (larger values slow system down more) return AL 0FDh successful 0FEh error note WHOA!.COM is copyright COMPUTE! Publications and Brad Crandall. Function 0AAh VIDCLOCK.COM entry AH 0AAh AL 00h installation check return AL 00h not installed 0FFh installed note VIDCLOCK.COM is a memory-resident clock by Thomas G. Hanlin III. Function 0ADh KEYB.COM (DOS 3.3+) entry AH 0ADh AL 80h Get KEYB.COM Version Number return BX 00h not installed nonzero installed BH major version number BL minor version number --- AL 81h Set KEYB.COM Active Code Page BX code page ID 437 USA 850 Multilingual (Latin I) 852 Multilingual (Latin II) 860 Portuguese 863 French-Canadian 865 Nordic return CF clear successful set AX 0001h if code page is not valid --- AL 82h Set KEYB.COM Country Flag BL 00h domestic (USA) keyboard 0FFh not USA keyboard return CF clear successful set invalid value was passed in BL --- AL 83h Get KEYB.COM Country Flag return BL current country flag value (should be 00h or 0FFh) note Some of these functions are available in DOS 3.3 and 4.0, but were not documented. These descriptions are for DOS 5.0. Function 0AEh DOS Installable Command (DOS 3.3+) entry AH 0AEh AL 00h installation check DX 0FFFFh DS:BX pointer to command line return AL 00h execute command normally 0FFh command is TSR extension to COMMAND.COM 01h execute installed command DX 0FFFFh DS:SI pointer to ? return DS:SI unknown note 1) This apparently provides a mechanism for TSRs to install permanent extensions to COMMAND.COM. It seems that COMMAND.COM makes this call before executing the current command line, and does not execute the command itself if the return is 0FFh. 2) Fn 01h apparently requests execution of a previous command which a call to fn 01h indicated was resident. 3) Format of command line: offset size description 00h byte max length of command line? 01h byte count of bytes to follow 03h n bytes command line text, terminated by 0Dh Function 0B0h GRAFTABL.COM (DOS 3.3+) entry AH 0B0h AL 00h installation check return AL 00h not installed, OK to install 0FFh installed note 1) Also used by DISPLAY.SYS. Function 0B7h APPEND.EXE (DOS 3.3+) entry AH 0B7h AL 00h installation check return AH 00h not installed nonzero installed (3.3-4.0) 0FFh installed (5.0) 01h unknown 02h version check return AH minor version number, otherwise AL major version number note The MS 5.0 TR reports AX should be 0FFFFh for versions compatible with DOS 5.0. However, DOS 4.0 returns the same value. 03h unknown 04h get APPEND directory list address (DOS 4.0+) return ES:DI pointer to active APPEND path (128 bytes max) in ASCIIZ format 05h unknown 06h get APPEND modes flag (DOS 4.0+) return BX APPEND state bits 0 set if APPEND enabled 1-B reserved, must be zero C appends dirs to file requests that already specify a drive D applies dirs to file requests that already specify a PATH. Set if /PATH flag active E stores the appended dirs in the APPEND environment variable. Set if /E flag active F applies dirs to functions like EXEC (21h/4B00h) or FIND FIRST (21h/4Eh). Set if /X flag active. note Returns the current operation modes for APPEND. 07h set APPEND modes flag (DOS 4.0+) BX APPEND state bits (see 06h) return none 08h unknown 09h unknown 0Ah unknown 10h unknown 11h set TRUENAME flag (DOS 4.0+) note 1) This call has no parameters. 2) If the next int 21h call is function 3Dh, 43h, 4Eh or 6Ch, the fully qualified filename is written over top of the filename passed to the int 21h call. The application must provide a sufficiently large buffer. This state is reset after APPEND processes the call. note 1) (4.0+) The full path name can be retrieved by doing a int 2Fh fn 0B711h before an open (int 21h 3Dh or 6Ch). The full path is put in your ASCIIZ string when you do the open, so be sure it is long enough. 2) The APPEND command apparently covers parts of int 21h/6Ch even though Microsoft's 4.01 User's Reference says it covers only 0Fh, 23h, 2Dh, 11h, 4Eh & 4Bh, some of those do require special switches. For 6Ch, it may be a function of the DX register. If DX=xx1x it looks only in the current directory, if DX=xx0x it will search the full append path. DX is called the open flag and gives what action to take if the file exits or does not exist. Function 0BFh PC-LAN Network entry AH 0BFh AL 00h installation check (REDIREFS.EXE) return AL 0FFh if installed AL 80h set REDIRIFS entry point (REDIR.SYS) ES:DI pointer to FAR entry point to IFS handler in REDIRIFS return AL 0FFh if installed ES:DI pointer to internal workspace note All future IFS calls to REDIR.SYS are passed to the ES:DI entry point. Function 0C7h Artisoft LANtastic AI-LANBIOS note This is the default entry point for the LANtastic NOS serial and parallel port drivers. Function 0D44Dh 4DOS v3.01,+ Command Interpreter (COMMAND.COM replacement) entry AX 0D44Dh 4DOS installation check return If 4DOS is present in memory the following values will be returned: AX 44DDh BH minor 4DOS version number BL major 4DOS version number (same format as DOS int 21h/fn 30h) CX 4DOS PSP segment address DL 4DOS shell number (0 for the first shell, 1 for the second, etc.; incremented each time a new copy of 4DOS is loaded over a root copy, either in a different multitasker window or via nested shells) note 1) (excerpted from 4DOS 3.01 manual) 4DOS now generates two different INT 2F calls to allow TSRs to tell when 4DOS is back at the prompt. These calls have AX = D44Eh. The first occurs immediately before displaying the prompt, with BX = 0; the second occurs after displaying the prompt and immediately before accepting keyboard input, with BX = 1. Any routine intercepting these calls should preserve at least the SI, DI, BP, SP, DS, ES, and SS registers. 2) This function (440Dh) is only available in swapping mode. It tells you if 4DOS is loaded in memory, but not whether it is the parent process of your program. You can determine if 4DOS is the parent process by comparing the PSP value returned in CX to the PSP chain pointer at offset 16h in your program's PSP. Function 0E3h AnarKey (keyboard command stack and alias program) entry AH 0E3h AL 00h installation check return AL 00h not installed 0FFh installed note (excerpted from the AnarKey documentation) Upon installation, ANARKEY hooks into two interrupts: 1) Interrupt used to install program signature -DOS versions before 3.1 use one interrupt between 60h-67h -DOS 3.1 and later use interrupt 2Fh 2) Interrupt 21h, function 0Ah Upon initial program execution, a program "signature" is installed which is used by ANARKEY to prevent itself from being installed more than once. Depending upon the DOS version, a different method of signature installation is performed. Under DOS 2.x thru 3.0, ANARKEY scans interrupt vectors 60h thru 67h searching for an unused vector (signified by a null value). If an unused vector is found, ANARKEY takes it and installs its program signature there. If all the vectors are in use, ANARKEY does not install a program signature. Running DOS 3.1 and later, ANARKEY chains into interrupt 2Fh. By default, ANARKEY appropriates process number 0E3h. Function 0F7h AUTOPARK.COM (PD TSR hard disk parking utility) entry AH 0F7h AL 00h installation check return AL 00h not installed 0FFh installed 01h set parking delay BX:CX 32 bit count of 55ms timer ticks note AUTOPARK is a TSR HD parker by Alan D. Jones. Function Intel Communicating Applications Standard (CAS 1.01A) entry AH (default; CAS multiplex number can be user-adjusted) AL 00h Get Installed State return AL 00h not installed 01h not installed, not OK to install 0FFh installed note No errors are returned. 01h Submit a Task DS:DX ptr to ASCIIZ path and name of Task Control File return AX positive event handle or neg. error code note Files associated with a task must stay in existence until the task is complete or an error will result. 02h Abort the Current Event return AX event handle of aborted event or negative error code note Terminating an event is not instantaneous. It might take up to 30 seconds. 03h reserved 04h reserved 05h Find First Entry in Queue CX Status of the event you are seeking. This value is compared with the field at offset 2 of the Control File 0 - event has successfully completed 1 - event is waiting to be processed 2 - number has been dialed 3 - connection has been made (sending) 4 - connection has been made (receiving) 5 - event was aborted -1 - chooses an event without regard to status This value will probably be used most often Other negative values match error codes in Control File. DH direction: 0 - Search forward chronologically (from the first to the last occurring event) 1 - Search backward chronologically (from the last to the first occurring event) DL queue to search: 0 - Find first control file in Task Queue 1 - Find first control file in Receive Queue 2 - Find first control file in Log Queue return AX 0 if successful, or negative error code BX event handle for this file 06h Find Next Entry in Queue DL queue to search: 0 - Find next control file in Task Queue 1 - Find next control file in Receive Queue 2 - Find next control file in Log Queue return AX 0 if successful, or negative error code BX event handle for this file 07h Open a File BX event handle CX receive file number 0 - the Receive Control File 1 - first received file 2 - second received file 3 - third received file n - nth received file DL queue: 0 - open control file in Task Queue 1 - open control file in Receive Queue or the received data file specified in the CX register. 2 - Open control file in Log Queue. return AX 0 if successful, or negative error code BX DOS file handle for the requested file 08h Delete a File BX event handle CX receive file number 0 - delete all files associated with a specific Receive Control File (including the RCF) 1 - delete first received file associated with the event handle 2 - delete the second received file associated with the event handle. n - delete the nth received file associated with the event handle DL queue: 0 - delete control file in Task Queue 1 - delete a file or files associated with an event in the Receive Queue. 2 - delete control file in Log Queue note It is strongly recommended that this function NOT be used to delete individual Log Control Files to maintain the integrity of the log. return AX 0 if successful, or negative error code 09h Delete All Files (in a queue) DL queue: 0 - delete all control files in the Task Queue 1 - delete all control files in the Receive Queue and all received files 2 - delete all control files in the Log Queue return AX 0 if successful or negative error code 0Ah Get Event Date BX event handle of event whose date you want to get DL queue: 0 - task queue 1 - receive queue 2 - log queue return AX 0 if successful or negative error code CX year (1980-2099) DH month (1-12) DL day (1-31) 0Bh Set Task Date BX event handle CX year (1980-2099) DH month (1-12) DL day (1-31) return AX 0 if successful or negative error code 0CH Get Event Time BX event handle DL queue: 0 - task queue 1 - receive queue 2 - log queue return AX 0 if successful or negative error code CH hour (0-23) CL minutes (0-59) DH seconds (0-59) DL 0 0DH Set Task Time BX event handle CH hour (0-23) CL minutes (0-59) DH seconds (0-59) DL unused return AX 0 if successful or negative error code 0EH Get External Data Block DS:DX points to a 256-byte EDB area return AX 0 if successful or negative error code note EDB area is filled with the External Data Block block format: (values in decimal) Offset Length Description 0 1 CAS major version number 1 1 CAS minor version number 2 68 ASCIIZ path to directory containing Resident Manager and CAS software. The path must end with a backslash 70 13 ASCIIZ name of current phonebook (the CAS subdirectory is assumed) 83 13 AZCIIZ name of current logo file (the CAS subdirectory is assumed) 96 32 ASCIIZ default sender name 128 21 ASCIIZ CSID (CCITT fax device ID) 149 107 Reserved 0Fh Get/Set Autoreceive State DL function code: 0 - get current autoreceive state 1 - set current state to value in DH DH # rings before answer or 0 to disable return AX current state or negative error code 0 - Autoreceive disabled positive # - # rings before hdw answers 10h Get Current Event Status DS:DX pointer to a 444 byte status area return AX 0 if successful or negative error code BX number of the current event (AX=0) 11h Get Queue Status DL queue: 0 - find status of Task Queue 1 - find status of Receive Queue 2 - find status of Log Queue return AX # changes to queue since Resident Manager started or negative error code If changes exceeds 7FFFH, the count begins again at 0. BX current # of Control Files in queue CX current # of received files 12h Get Hardware Status DS:DX pointer to a 128-byte status area return AX 0 if successful, negative if not DS:DX pointer to filled 128-byte status area 13h Run Diagnostics DL Mode 0 - report progress of diagnostics 1 - start running diagnostics return if DL=1, AX=0 or a negative error code. if DL=0, AX=40h or positive number indicating diagnostics passed. A negative value indicates failure and contains the error code 14h Move Received File BX event handle CX receive file number (must be nonzero to specify a received file) 1 - first received file 2 - second received file 3 - third received file n - nth received file DS:DX pointer to new ASCIIZ pathname and filename. This file must not exist already return AX 0 if successful or negative error code note The path to the new directory must exist. This function cannot create directories. 15h Submit a Single File to Send DS:DX pointer to variable-length data area return AX positive event handle or negative error code note 1) variable-length data area format: Offset Length Description 0 1 Transfer type: 0 - 200x200 dpi, facsimile mode 1 - 100x200 dpi, facsimile mode 2 - file transfer mode 3-127 - Reserved. 1 1 Text size (if ASCII file, fax mode) 0 - 80-column 1 - 132-column 2-127 - reserved 2 2 time to send, in DOS file time format 4 2 date to send, in DOS file time format note: Setting both the time and date fields to 0 schedules the file to be sent immediately 6 32 ASCIIZ Destination Name (To: field) 38 80 ASCIIZ pathname of the file to send 118 47 ASCIIZ phone number to call 165 64 ASCIIZ application-specific tag field 229 1 reserved; set to zero 230 1 cover page flag: 0 - don't send cover page 1 - send cover page 2-127 - Reserved 231 23 reserved; set to zero 254 var ASCIIZ cover text (if offset 230=1) 2) The individual fields have the same meaning as in a Task Control File 3) You must set all fields, except for the Appli-cation-Specific Tag field, before calling this function. However, you can set the Destination Name and Cover Text fields to an empty string 16h-80h Reserved by Intel for future expansion DOS 2Fh functions 01h (PRINT), 02h (ASSIGN), 10h (SHARE): return AX Error Codes Description 01h invalid function number 02h file not found 03h path not found 04h too many open files 05h access denied 06h invalid handle 08h queue full 09h busy 0Ch name too long 0Fh invalid drive was specified CF clear (0) if OK set (1) if error - error returned in AX note 1) The multiplex numbers AH=0h through AH=7Fh are reserved for DOS. Applications should use multiplex numbers 80h through 0FFh. 2) When in the chain for int 2Fh, if your code calls DOS or if you execute with interrupts enabled, your code must be reentrant or recursive. 3) Important! In versions of DOS prior to 3.0, the int 2Fh vector was initialized to zero rather than being pointed into the DOS service area. You must initialize this vector manually under DOS 2.x. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ Miscellaneous Interrupts - in numeric order │ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 30h FAR jump instruction for CP/M-style calls ..... 5**15│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note 1) The CALL 5 entry point does a FAR jump to here (not a vector!) 2) PC-Tools PC-Cache 5.1 hooks this vector on XTs but not on ATs. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 31h Unknown ....................................... 5**16│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note PC-Tools PC-Cache 5.1 hooks this vector on ATs but not on XTs. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 32h Unknown ....................................... 5**17│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 33h Used by Microsoft Mouse Driver Function Calls . 5**18│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note See Chapter 14 for mouse programming. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 34h Turbo/Microsoft langs - Floating Point emul. .. 5**19│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note This interrupt emulates opcode 0D8h. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 35h Turbo/Microsoft langs - Floating Point emul. .. 5**20│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note This interrupt emulates opcode 0D9h. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 36h Turbo/Microsoft langs - Floating Point emul. .. 5**21│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note This interrupt emulates opcode 0DAh. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 37h Turbo/Microsoft langs - Floating Point emul. .. 5**22│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note This interrupt emulates opcode 0DBh. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 38h Turbo/Microsoft langs - Floating Point emul. .. 5**23│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note 1) This interrupt emulates opcode 0DCh. 2) PC-MOS/386 versions prior to 4.00 use this interrupt to interface with the PC-MOS API. Version 4.00 and later use int 0D4h for the API. See the Chapter 13 for the PC-MOS API. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 39h Turbo/Microsoft langs - Floating Point emul. .. 5**24│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note This interrupt emulates opcode 0DDh. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 3Ah Turbo/Microsoft langs - Floating Point emul. .. 5**25│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note This interrupt emulates opcode 0DEh. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 3Bh Turbo/Microsoft langs - Floating Point emul. .. 5**26│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note This interrupt emulates opcode 0DFh. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 3Ch Turbo/Microsoft langs - Floating Point emul. .. 5**27│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note This interrupt emulates instructions with an ES segment override. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 3Dh Turbo/Microsoft langs - Floating Point emul. .. 5**28│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note This interrupt emulates a standalone FWAIT instruction ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 3Eh Turbo/Microsoft langs - Floating Point emul. .. 5**29│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note Unknown. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 3Fh Overlay Manager Interrupt (Microsoft LINK.EXE) 5**30│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note 1) Default overlay manager interrupt; may be changed with LINK command line switch. (Microsoft/IBM LINK.EXE) 2) The Microsoft Dynamic Link Library manager uses this interrupt. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 40h Hard Disk BIOS ................................ 5**31│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ Pointer to disk BIOS entry when a hard disk controller is installed. The BIOS routines use int 30h to revector the diskette handler (original int 13h) here so int 40h may be used for hard disk control. note 1) Keyboard interrupt for DEC Rainbow. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 41h Hard Disk Parameters .......................... 5**32│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ Pointer to first Hard Disk Parameter Block, normally located in the controller card's ROM. This table may be copied to RAM and changed, and this pointer revectored to the new table. note 1) XT, AT,XT/2, XT/286, PS/2 except ESDI disks 2) format of parameter table is: word cylinders byte heads word starting reduced write current cylinder (XT only, 0 for others) word starting write pre-comp cylinder byte maximum ECC burst length byte control byte bits 0-2 drive option (XT only, 0 for others) 3 set if more than 8 heads 4 always 0 5 set if manufacturer's defect map on max cylinder+1 6 disable ECC retries 7 disable access retries byte standard timeout (XT only, 0 for others) byte formatting timeout (XT only, 0 for others) byte timeout for checking drive (XT only, 0 for others) word landing zone (AT, PS/2) byte sectors/track (AT, PS/2) byte 0 (zeroes) 3) normally vectored to ROM table when system is initialized. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 42h Pointer to screen BIOS entry .................. 5**33│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ Used by EGA, VGA, PS/2. Relocated (by EGA, etc.) video handler (original int 10h). Revectors int 10 (BIOS video) calls to EGA BIOS. Also used by Zenith Z-100. MCT (Modular Circuit Technology, Taiwan) 4-drive floppy controller revectors int 13h to here. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 43h Pointer to EGA Graphics Character Table ....... 5**34│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note 1) The POST initializes this vector pointing to the default table located in the EGA ROM BIOS. (PC-2 and up). Not initialized if EGA is not present. 2) This vector was referred to (mistakenly) as the Video Parameters table in the original EGA BIOS listings. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 44h Pointer to graphics character table ........... 5**35│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ (0:0110h) This table contains the dot patterns for the first 128 characters in video modes 4,5, and 6, and all 256 characters in all additional graphics modes. Not initialized if EGA is not present. note 1) EGA/VGA/CONV/PS - EGA/PCjr fonts, characters 00h to 7Fh. 2) Novell NetWare - High-Level Language API. 3) Also used by Zenith Z-100. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 45h Reserved by IBM (not initialized) ............ 5**36│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note Also used by Zenith Z-100, purpose unknown. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 46h Pointer to second hard disk parameter block ... 5**37│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note 1) AT, XT/286, PS/2. 2) (see int 41h) (except ESDI hard disks) (not initialized unless specific user software calls for it) 3) Also used by Zenith Z-100. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 47h Reserved by IBM (not initialized) ............ 5**38│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 48h Cordless Keyboard Translation ................. 5**39│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ (0:0120h) This vector points to code to translate the cordless keyboard scancodes into normal 83-key values. The translated scancodes are then passed to int 9. (not initialized on PC or AT) This is valid on the IBM PCjr only. IBM built a number of prototype XT/2 machines with infrared keyboards which were later sold through salvage outlets, but this was never a production option. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 49h Non-kbd Scan Code Translation Table Addr (PCjr) 5**40│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ (0:0124h) PCjr translate table, TI Pro video 1) This interrupt is used for operation of non-keyboard devices on the PCjr, such as the Keytronic Numeric Keypad. This interrupt has the address of a table used to translate non- keyboard scancodes (greater than 85 excepting 255). This interrupt can be revectored by a user application. IBM recommends that the default table be stored at the beginning of an application that required revectoring this interrupt, and that the default table be restored when the application terminates. (not initialized on PC or AT) The PCjr BIOS can interpret scancodes other than those generated by the keyboard to allow for expansion. The keyboard generates scancodes from 01h to 055h, including 0FFh. Any scancodes above 55h (56h through 7Eh for make codes and 0D6h through 0FEh for break codes) are processed in the following manner: 1) if the incoming make code falls within the range of the translate table whose address is pointed to by int 49h, it is translated into the corresponding scancode. Any incoming break codes above 0D5h are ignored. 2) if the new translated scancode is less than 56h, it is processed by the BIOS as a keyboard scancode and the same data is placed in the BIOS keyboard buffer. 3) if the translated scancode is higher than 55h or the incoming scancode is outside the range of the translate table, 40h is added creating a new extended scancode. The extended scancode is placed in the BIOS keyboard buffer with the character code of 00h (NUL). This utilitizes the range of 96h through 0BEh for scancodes 56h through 7Eh. The default translate-table maps scancodes 56h through 6Ah to existing keyboard values. Codes 6Bh theough 0BEh are mapped (by adding 40h) to extended codes 0ABh through 0FEh since they are outside the range of the default translate table. The format of the translate table is: 0 length - the number of nonkeyboard scancodes that are mapped within the table (from 1 to n). 1 to n word high byte 00h (NUL) byte scancode with low order byte representing the scancode mapped values relative to their input values within the range of 56h through 7Eh. With this layout, all keyboard scancodes can be intercepted through int 9h and and nonkeyboard scancodes can be intercepted through int 48h. 2) On the TI Professional, this interrupt is used for some video services. entry AH 17h Get Display Offset return ES:DI segment/offset of current display buffer note The TI Pro has only 2048 bytes of character RAM, but it is followed by another 2048 bytes of "phantom" RAM (i.e. the same 2048 bytes are available at two different addresses) so that wraparound checks need not be made when writing to the screen. The attribute RAM is "shadowed" behind the character RAM through the attribute register. 3) Most of the TI Pro functions are identical to the IBM int 16h functions, particularly 0 through 0Eh, although 6 and 7 (scroll) are quite different and all cursor addressing has the rows and columns flipped (i.e. IBM uses DH for row, but TI uses DH for column). ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 4Ah Real-Time Clock Alarm (Convertible, PS/2, EISA) 5**41│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ 1) Not initialized on PC or AT. 2) Invoked by PS/2 and Convertible BIOS when real-time clock alarm occurs. 3) Used by TI Professional PC for keyboard DSR interface (keyboard BIOS interrupt) Functions for AH=0, 1, 2 and 5 are identical to IBM's int 16h. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 4Bh Reserved by IBM (not initialized) ............ 5**42│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note 1) Used by IBM Micro Channel SCSI hard disk controllers. 2) Used by Virtual DMA Services Specification (see Chapter 21 for VDS programming information) ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 4Ch Reserved by IBM (not initialized) ............ 5**43│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 4Dh Reserved by IBM (not initialized) ............ 5**44│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 4Eh Reserved by IBM (not initialized) ............ 5**45│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note Used instead of int 13h for disk I/O on TI Professional PC. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 4Fh Reserved by IBM (not initialized) ............ 5**46│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 50-57 IRQ0-IRQ7 Relocation .......................... 5**47│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note 1) Normally not initialized. 2) IRQ0-IRQ7 relocated by DesQview. 3) IRQ0-IRQ7 relocated by IBM 3278 Emulation Control Program. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 58h Reserved by IBM (not initialized) ............ 5**48│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 59h Reserved by IBM (not initialized) ............ 5**49│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ GSS Computer Graphics Interface (GSS*CGI) entry DS:DX pointer to block of 5 array pointers return CF clear AX return code CF set AX error code note 1) Int 59h is the means by which GSS*CGI language bindings communicate with GSS*CGI device drivers and the GSS*CGI device driver controller. 2) Also used by the IBM Graphic Development Toolkit. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 5Ah Reserved by IBM (not initialized) ........... 5**50│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note IBM Cluster Adapter BIOS entry address. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 5Bh Reserved by IBM (not initialized) ............ 5**51│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note Used by IBM Cluster Adapter. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 5Ah Cluster Adapter BIOS entry address ............ 5**52│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note Normally not initialized. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 5Bh Reserved by IBM (not initialized) ............ 5**53│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note Used by cluster adapter? ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 5Ch NETBIOS interface entry port, TOPS ............ 5**54│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note 1) See Chapter 13 for information on network programming. 2) The Texas Instruments Professional PC (TI Pro) uses 5Ch for the Pause key on the keyboard. The TI BIOS allows any user routine to execute from the Pause interrupt as long as it eventually returns. 3) Used by Windows/386 by Virtual Machine routines. 4) Used by Novell Netware 2.0. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 5Dh Reserved by IBM (not initialized) ............ 5**55│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note The Texas Instruments Professional PC (TI Pro) uses 5Ch for the keyboard services. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 5Eh Reserved by IBM (not initialized) ............ 5**56│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note TI Professional PC - Program Break. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 5Fh Reserved by IBM (not initialized) ............ 5**57│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note TI Professional PC - Keyboard queueing. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 60h-67h User Program Interrupts .................... 5**58│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note 1) Available for general use. 2) Some Adaptec hard disk controllers used these interrupts. Models and usages unknown. 3) Various major programs make standardized use of this group of interrupts. Details of common use follows: ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 60h User Program Interrupt ........................ 5**59│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note 1) Used by 10-Net Network OS Interface. 2) Used by FTP Driver - PC/TCP Packet Driver Specification. 3) See Chapter 13 for network programming calls. 4) Used by TOPS netork (TTALK.EXE). 5) The 2-The-Max VGA-16 board TSR zoom utility uses this interrupt by default. (see int 61h for details) 6) Versa-Spool print spooler revectors int 17h to here when installing its own 17h handler. (see int 61h also) 7) Some older OMTI and Adaptec hard disk controllers used the interrupts from 60h to 63h as 16 bytes of scratch RAM. 8) Used by GDOSMEM Windows TSR skeleton. entry AX GTSR Identification # BX 00h GTSR Installation Check return BX GTSR Identification # entry AX GTSR Identification # BX 01h GTSR Increment WORD in CX:DX CX Segment => WORD DX Offset => WORD return none 9) Used by TDOSMEM Windows TSR skeleton. entry AX TTSR Identification # BX 00h GTSR Installation Check return BX GTSR Identification # CX Segment => local WORD DX Offset => local WORD entry AX TTSR Identification # BX 01h GTSR Increment WORD in CX:DX return none ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 61h User Interrupt ................................. 5** │ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ 1) Default interrupt used by Chris Dunford's PCED 2.0 API. 2) Used by Mike Geary's DENYNONE.ASM SHARE.EXE controller. Function 00h Get Current Mode Value entry AH 00h return AL current mode value Function 01h Set New Open-Mode Value entry AH 01h AL new value to set return none 3) The 2-The-Max VGA-16 board TSR zoom utility uses this interrupt by default. Function 00h Zoom entry AX 0000h BX zoom factor (0-7x) return none Function 01h Center Zoomed Window entry AX 0001h BX x coordinate to center CX y coordinate to center return none note 'x' and 'y' will be positioned as close to the center of the display as possible. Function 02h End Zoom entry AX 0002h return none note Restores screen to original state. Function 03h Report Zoom entry AX 0003h return AX zoom factor (0-7) Function 04h Enter Specify Mode entry AX 0004h return none note This mode is entered whenever the predefined hotkey is pressed. Function 05h Query Zoom Window entry AX 0005h BX segment address of return argument array CX offset address of return argument array return BX:CX 14 byte array offset[0] x start of zoom window [1] y start of zoom window [2] x end of zoom window [3] y end of zoom window [4] current zoom factor [5] zoom offset start x [6] zoom offset start y Function 06h Set Zoom Window entry AX 0006h BX segment address of window coordinate array CX offset address of window coordinate array return BX:CX array offset[0] x start of zoom window [1] y start of zoom window [2] x end of zoom window [3] y end of zoom window 4) Versa-Spool print spooler revectors int 1Ch to here when installing its own 1Ch handler. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 63h User Program Interrupt │ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ This interrupt is used by Novell NetWare v2.0. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 64h User Program Interrupt │ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ This interrupt is used by Novell NetWare IPX versions 1.02-2.0 TBMI. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 65h User Program Interrupt │ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ This interrupt is used by Novell NetWare v2.0. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 67h User Program Interrupt ........................ 5**60│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note 1) Used by Lotus-Intel-Microsoft Expanded Memory Specification 3.1 and higher. (EMS and LIM) 2) Used by Ashton-Tate/Quadram/AST Enhanced Expanded Memory Specification 3.1 and higher. (EEMS) 3) Used by Phar Lap/Quarterdeck VCPI v1.0. 4) See Chapter 10 for EMS/EEMS programming information. 5) The Advanced Digital PC Slave board (also marketed by Alloy) contains its own 8mHz 8086, up to 768K of on-card memory and a built-in monochrome monitor adapter, communicating with an RS232 terminal at 19.2KBaud. Their operating system is an adaptation of MSDOS 2.11 called RTNX or ATNX. ?TNX uses interrupt 67h for record locking, using an "interrupt 67h semaphore" system in which a data record access must be preceded by a call to int 67h with a string that contains a filename and a record number to lock. 6) Some Adaptec hard disk controllers have problems related to their use of int 67h. Supposedly the Adaptec can be made to use a driver instead of ROM. The driver is generated by running the ROM program at C800:5 and this fixes the problem. Apparently this driver is called ADAPTEC.DRV. Check with Adaptec if you suspect a problem. 7) IBM issued a known bug report listing a fault in DOS 4.0's network handling within IBMBIO.COM. The exact wording of the report is: IR79404 WAIT IBMBIO INT 2FH for INT 67H causes hang 8) Used by PC-Net semaphore calls. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 68h Not Used (not initialized) ................... 5**61│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note 1) APPC/PC Network Interface. See Chapter 13. 2) Some Toshiba laptop hard disk controllers use this interrupt. 3) Used by HDTest to communicate with BIOS entry point. 4) Used by Mike Geary's EGA720.ASM (forces EGA into 720x348 mode) ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 69h Not Used (not initialized) ................... 5**62│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 6Ah Not Used (not initialized) ................... 5**63│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note Used by SLR System's OPTHELP.COM, a TSR help system for their OPTASM assembler. OPTHELP may be configured to interrupts from 60h to 7Fh. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 6Bh Not Used (not initialized) ................... 5**64│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 6Ch System Resume Vector (Convertible) ............ 5**65│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note 1) This vector is not initialized on the PC, XT, or PCJr. 2) DOS 3.2 Realtime Clock update uses this interrupt. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 6Dh Not Used (not initialized) ................... 5**66│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note Used internally by VGA adapter - IBM, Paradise, Video 7, NCR ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 6Eh Not Used (not initialized) ................... 5**67│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 6Fh 10-Net API..................................... 5**68│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note 1) See Chapter 13 for information on the 10-Net API. 2) HP ES-12 Extended BIOS a) Read CMOS Memory entry AH 22h BL address of CMOS byte to read BP 0012h return AH status AL byte read BP, DS destroyed b) Write CMOS Memory entry AH 24h AL new value BL address of CMOS byte to write BP 0012h return AH status BP, DS destroyed 3) Novell NetWare - PCOX API (3270 PC terminal interface). ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 70h IRQ 8, Real Time Clock Int (AT, XT/286, PS/2) . 5**69│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ This interrupt services the real-time clock hardware. The hardware supports 2 modes of operation, an interrupt at a specific 24 hour interval (i.e 9:42 am), or repeatedly every 0.976 ms (1,024 kHz). Both modes can operate at the same time if needed. In the 24 hour alarm mode, the interrupt is vectored here by hardware and interrupt 4Ah is called to alert the application program of the alarm. Int 4Ah is not handled by the BIOS other than to return, and is normally revectored by a particular application using the alarm. When repeating interrupt mode is active, the 32-bit microsecond counter consisting of timer_clk_low and timer_clk_hi is decremented by 976 us on every interrupt. When the timer reaches zero, the byte pointed to by the offset @timer_wait_off and and segment @timer_wait_seg is set to 80h (this pointer is set by an application program through int 1Ah function ah=6). The Motorola MC146818A real time clock chip, or its equivalent, can be programmed to generate the real time clock interrupt (int 70h) approximately 1024 times per second. The BIOS Real Time Clock ISR is invoked on each real time clock interrupt. Only AT BIOSs support the Real Time Clock ISR. The BIOS initializes the int 70h vector to address F000:5124h. Three AT BIOS functions interface with the int 70h Real Time Clock ISR. These are: int 15h, AH 83h Event Wait Interval int 15h, AH 86h Wait int 1Ah, AH 06h Set User Alarm ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 71h IRQ 9, Redirected to IRQ 8 (AT, XT/286, PS/2) . 5**70│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note LAN Adapter 1 (rerouted to int 0Ah [IRQ2] by BIOS). ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 72h IRQ 10 (AT, XT/286, PS/2) Reserved .......... 5**71│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note Hardware servicer (called by hardware 8259-2, IRQ 10). ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 73h IRQ 11 (AT, XT/286, PS/2) Reserved .......... 5**72│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note Hardware servicer (called by hardware 8259-2, IRQ 11). ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 74h IRQ 12 Mouse Interrupt (PS/2) ................ 5**73│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note Hardware servicer (called by hardware 8259-2, IRQ 12). ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 75h IRQ 13, Coprocessor Error (AT) ................ 5**74│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note 1) BIOS redirects math coprocessor errors to int 2 (NMI). 2) The math co-processor 80287 invokes this interrupt. Int 75h calls the non-maskable interrupt int 2 to halt the system. (80287 is not used if this vector is left pointing here). Programs which use the 80287 must re-vector this interrupt to use the 80287. 3) Under DOS 3.2, this interrupt is routed through the DOS interrupt stack pool like device interrupts. However, coprocessor exceptions generally do not resume via IRET and this fill the interrupt pool (stacks allocated and never deallocated) on exceptions. Microsoft has a patch available for DOS 3.2. 4) Weitek ABACUS x167 math coprocessor exception handler shares this interrupt with Intel 80x87 if present. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 76h IRQ 14, Hard Disk Controller (AT, XT/286, PS/2) 5**75│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note 1) Called by hardware 8259-2 IRQ 14. 2) When the hard disk controller has completed its task, it signals completion though hardware activation of int 76h. The status in hdsk_int_flags is set to "done", a value of 0FFh. Int 15/fn91h may also be called to signal the interrupt is done. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 77h IRQ 15 (AT, XT/286, PS/2) Reserved ........... 5**76│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note Future services (called by hardware 8259-2 IRQ 15). ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 78h Not Used ...................................... 5**77│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note 1) Used by Novell Netware 2.0 - non-dedicated shell. 2) DESQview uses ints 78h-7Fh for itself to revector the 8259 interrupt controllers. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 79h Not Used ...................................... 5**78│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note 1) Used by LAN:Datacore runtimes for BASIC and C by Lanquest Group in releases after late '86. 2) Used by AutoCAD 2.5/2.6 ADI Digitizer interface (default). ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 7Ah Reserved ...................................... 5**79│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note 1) Novell NetWare - Low-Level API APX, versions 2.0a+. See Chapter 13. 2) AutoCAD Device Interface, used by various video boards. 3) IBM 3270 Emulator program. 4) Also used by early versions of "File Access Utility" by Automated Insurance Resource Systems. AIRS changed to a different interrupt in late '86 to eliminate conflict with Novell. 5) Used by LAN:Datacore runtimes for BASIC and C by Lanquest Group in versions 2.5 and higher before late '86. Lanquest changed to int 79h to prevent Novell conflict. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 7Bh-7Eh Not Used by IBM ............................ 5**80│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ Btrieve API entry register unknown functions: 00h open 01h close 02h insert 03h update 04h delete 05h get_equal 06h get_next 07h get_prev 08h get_greater 09h get_gr_eql 0Ah get_less 0Bh get_less_eq 0Ch get_first 0Dh get_last 0Eh create 0Fh stat 10h extend 11h set_dir: set directory information 12h get_dir: get directory information 13h begin_trans 14h end_trans 15h abort_trans 16h get_pos: get record position number 17h get_direct: get data by sending record position 18h step_direct 19h stop 1Ah version 1Bh unlock 1Ch reset return unknown note Btrieve sets low byte of vector to 33h; this serves as the installation check. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 7Bh Novell ........................................ 5** │ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note 1) BTRIEVE from Softcraft, Inc. 2) IPX on Proteon networks with ANW 2.0 or greater. 3) Air File by Automated Insurance Resource Systems. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 7Ch REXX-PC API ................................... 5**81│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ IBM REXX-PC macro language entry AX 0000h Initialize DS:SI pointer to null terminated name of program to be executed EB:BX pointer to null terminated argument string to be passed to the program DX:DI pointer to an environment control block in the format: dword offset in segment to signature string The segment is that contained in DX and the signature is the uppercase ASCIIZ string "REXX". dword offset in DX to environment name ASCIIZ string note: The environment name will be truncated if longer than 32 characters. dword offset in DX to the file extension ASCIIZ string dword path search - word value of 0 or non-zero. This controls the searching of the path for commands that might be REXX programs. 0 means no search made, non-zero means search first. dword x'AAAA' This is a signature that allows REXXPC88 to call your own defined routine when a command expression needs to be processed. DD Segment:offset (standard INTEL format) of environment work buffer, the first double word of the buffer MUST be the entry point address of the environment service routine to be called. The rest of the buffer may be used in any way you choose and will NOT be examined or modified by REXXPC88. return none note 1) The only way to tell if the program exists and can be executed is by examining a value returned by the program in the next call described below. If the program returns an end of program indication and a string was expected instead, it means that the program was not found or could not be executed for some reason. 2) All registers except SS and SP are destroyed. The caller must save any other registers of interest. Function 01h Interpret REXX Command This call tells REXXPC88 to interpret the REXXPC88 program until a value is produced. entry AX 0001h return DS:DX points to a result string, terminated by a CR + LF + NULL. The final result string (which marks the end of the program) consists of nothing but EOF + NULL. REXXPC88 will continue to return this "end of program" string until reinitialized via an AX=01h call as described above. note All registers except SS and SP are destroyed. The caller must save any other registers of interest. Function 02h Termination This call allows resident REXXPC88 extensions to terminate execution of a REXXPC88 program, typically after detecting an error. entry AX 0002h DS:SI points to null terminated string to be displayed as an error message before terminating the REXXPC88 program. return none note Terminates the REXXPC88 program and returns control to DOS. Function 03h Load This call tells REXXPC88 to look up a program variable and return its current value (if any). entry AX 0003h DS:SI points to null terminated name of REXXPC88 program variable. DS:DX points to the null terminated string value of the program variable. DX is zero if the program variable is currently undefined. This string is in REXXPC88's data area and must be treated as read-only. return none note 1) All registers except SS and SP are destroyed. The caller must save any other registers of interest. Function 04h Store This call tells REXXPC88 to store a null terminated string as the value of a program variable. entry AX 0004h DS:SI points to null terminated name of REXXPC88 program variable ES:BX points to null terminated string to be assigned to the variable return none note 1) The string is copied into REXXPC88's data dictionary. If there is insufficient storage to store the string, REXXPC88 terminates execution of the program with an error message and returns to DOS. 2) Registers: all registers except SS and SP are destroyed. The caller must save any other registers of interest. Function 05h User-Written Extensions entry AX 0005h SS:BP points to a C stack frame containing a two-byte pointer to the null terminated function name, a two-byte integer specifying the number of arguments, and a two-byte pointer to an array of pointers (each two bytes) to the arguments (each argument is a null terminated string). return DS:SI must point to a null terminated result string. A pointer of NIL (DS = 0, SI = 0) is reserved by REXXPC88 and indicates that "no REXXPC88 extensions answered the function". note 1) Registers: all registers except SS, SP, and BP are available for use. 2) Stack: Since the amount of REXXPC88 stack space remaining for growth can't be ascertained by the user extension program, the user may wish to switch to a local stack if he requires more than about 128 bytes of stack growth. Function 06h Queue This call tells REXXPC88 to place data on the data or external interrupt queue either FIFO or LIFO. entry AX 06h BH 00h Internal data queue accessible via PULL and PARSE PULL 01h External interrupt queue accessible via LINEIN(EXQUE) BL 00h Queue data FIFO on selected queue 01h Queue data LIFO on selected queue DS:SI points to null terminated string to be queued. return AX 0000h Message queued successfully. 0001h No REXXPC88 program running at current time. Message not queued. 0002h Not enough storage available for message. Message not queued. 0003h Either BH (queue number) or BL (FIFO/LIFO flag) out of range. Message not queued. note 1) For the Internal data queue a string may not exceed 127 characters. 2) For the External int. queue a string may not exceed available storage. 3) Registers: all registers except SS and SP are destroyed. The caller must save any other registers of interest. Function 07h Check for Loaded Extension This call provides a way for a REXXPC88 extension to find out if a copy is already loaded, and to exchange information with a resident version. entry AX 0007h SS:BP points to a C stack frame containing a two-byte pointer to the null terminated name of the REXXPC88 extension. return If the extension is already loaded, then DS:SI points to an ASCIIZ string '1', and other registers are used as desired by the extension to communicate with its non-resident copy. (Generally, this involves pointing ES:BX to the resident portion's entry point). If the extension is not yet resident, then DS:SI points to an ASCIIZ '0'. note Registers: all registers except SS, SP and BP are available for use. Function 08h Reserved This call is reserved for communication between REXXSYS.SYS and REXXIBMR. entry AX 0008h return none Function 09h Check for REXX Installed This call provides external applications a way to determine if REXXIBMR is installed. entry AX 09h return AX 0FFFFh REXXIBMR is not installed AX 0AAAAh REXXIBMR is installed note It is assumed that your application will inspect the value of the 7Ch interrupt vector prior to issuing this interrupt. If the vector is 0000:0000 then REXXIBMR is not installed and this function will cause the system to crash. Function 0Ah Uninstall resident version of REXX This call is used to uninstall a resident version entry AX 000Ah BX 0AAAAh return AX 0000h Resident version uninstalled 0001h Resident version cannot uninstall, as one interrupt vector has been modified by some other program in a non-conforming manner. 0FFFFh The installed resident version does NOT support the uninstall request code (i.e., it is pre 0.55 level). ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 7Fh IBM 8514/A Graphics Adapter API ............... 5**82│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note 1) 59 8514/A API functions available (HDILOAD.EXE) parameters unknown. 2) Used by second copy of COMMAND set with SHELL=. 3) Not used by COMMAND /C at DOS prompt. 4) The IBM RTIC (Real Time Interface Coprocessor) Multiport (and Multiport/2) use int 7Fh as a method of communication between the system-unit resident interrupt handler and the RTIC card's operating system. There is a convention for using it in which register AX contains the signature of the handler that should handle the interrupt. Some signatures are: AX 0200h is a call to the current task dispatcher (from the BTRIEVE application interface). AX 0101h is a call from an application to the RTIC function request mechanism. AX 0FEEDh is a call from the ICAINTH.SYS interrupt handler. 5) MultiLink Advanced (a custom version of PC-MOS/386), versions 3.03 and higher, from The Software Link, Inc. Function 02h Invoke user interface (multitasking DOS shell) entry AH 02h AL 00h return unknown Function 0Dh Set new spooler parameters entry AH 0Dh AL ASCII code for disposition (D,S,H,N) BH ASCII code for priority (0-9) BL ASCII code for class (A-Z) return AL Error 00h OK 01h no spooler installed 02h invalid request Function 0Eh Get spooler parameters entry AH 0Eh return AL 01h if no spooler installed, otherwise: AL ASCII code for disposition (D,S,H,N) BH ASCII code for priority (0-9) BL ASCII code for class (A-Z) 6) There have been mentions of assorted other little-known programs using this interrupt. In view of its use by DOS and the increasingly-popular 8514/A adapter, it would probably be wise to avoid int 7Fh for aftermarket application software. 7) Also used by IBM HLLAPI. 8) Used internally by later versions of Tom Mack's RBBS-PC BBS system. 9) Used by Novell Netware 2.0+ to switch non-dedicated shell to console mode. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 80h-85h Reserved by BASIC .......................... 5**83│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note Interrupts 80h through 0ECh are apparently unused and not initialized in most clone systems. Not known if GWBASIC or MBASIC use any of these interrupts. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 80h Novell Netware 2.0 ............................ 5** │ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 81h Novell Netware 2.0 ............................ 5** │ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 82h Reserved by BASIC ............................. 5** │ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note 1) Used in some early versions of NEC Multispeed laptop for ROM application management. 2) Used by Pecan Software's Pascal compiler (P-system). ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 81h Used by Proteon Network ....................... 5** │ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 86h Int 18 when relocated by NETBIOS .............. 5**84│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 86h-0F0h Used by BASIC when interpreter is running . 5**85│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 0A0h-0D0h TI Professional - free interrupt pool .... 5** │ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 0A4h Right Hand Man API ............................ 5**86│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ entry AH RHM function (unknown) return unknown note Right-Hand Man is a shareware TSR desktop utility similar to SideKick. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 0D4h PC-MOS/386 API ................................ 5**87│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note This interrupt is used for access to the PC-MOS/386 4.x operating system's user API. Previous versions of the OS used interrupt 38h. See Chapter 13 for MOS API programming information. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 0E0h Digital Research CP/M-86 function calls ....... 5**88│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note 1) Lotus 123 Release 2 reportedly alters the int 0E0h vector during operation and leaves it pointing somewhere in the TPA on exit. Perhaps used by the mysterious Lotus add-on program hook? 2) Used by Digital Research CP/M-86, Concurrent CP/M and Concurrent DOS API entry points. Values are typically passed in the DX register and returned in the AX register. 3) Used by Larry Himes' PD TBACK background timeslicer for DOS. (very old) 4) Used by American Data Technology SmartFAX products. entry AH 20h Send FAX AL 02h for FAX format file 03h for ASCII format file CH number of redials (0-9). Defaults to 9 if input out of range. CL backoff time (1-99). 1 unit is 15 sec, value is set to 99 if out of range DS:DX input filename (ASCII). 20 bytes max. DX:BX dial number. Speed dial number is allowed return AL (if bit 7 set) number of files transmitted (bit 7 not set) 0FFh file not found 0FEh no dial tone 0FDh line busy or non-FAX tone 0FCh other error entry AH 21h reserved entry AH 22h Auto/Manual Transmission Toggle AL 00h switch to Auto mode (default) 01h switch to Manual mode return none entry AH 23h Set Manual Receive Mode AL 00h switch to Auto mode (default) 01h switch to Manual mode. SmartFAX will not answer phone return none entry AH 24h Send FAX Handshake to Remote note No other parameters are necessary. No returns. entry AH 25h Enable/Disable Background Task for Spooling AL 00h enabled background operation. Program will put the received data in the 80188 to spool. 01h disables background operation. Does not spool data. Data can be recovered by fns 26h and 27h. return none entry AH 26h Check 80188 Buffer AX data length BL 00h some data of the same page appears in the next buffer 01h end of page, more to follow 02h end of page, last page entry AH 27h Get Data from 80188 Buffer DS:DX pointer to buffer to be saved, minimum size 12Kb. return AX data length BL 00h some data of the same page appears in the next buffer 01h end of page, more to follow 02h end of page, last page entry AH 28h Reset After Receive note Resets SmartFAX for next call. No other parameters. entry AH 29h Enable/Disable Communication Function AL 00h enable communication 01h disable communication note In disable mode, SmartFAX will not send or receive. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 0E1h PC Cluster Program ............................ 5**89│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note This is a pointer to the disk server data table. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 0E2h PC Cluster Program ............................ 5**90│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note Interrupt 1Ch is revectored to here. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 0E4h Logitech Modula-2 v2.0 Monitor Entry ........ 5**91│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ entry AX 05h monitor entry 06h monitor exit BX priority return unknown ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 0E5h Not Used ...................................... 5**92│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 0E6h Not Used ...................................... 5**93│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note Used by PKzip file compressor. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 0E7h Not Used ...................................... 5**94│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 0E8h Not Used ...................................... 5**95│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 0E9h Not Used ...................................... 5**96│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 0EAh Not Used ...................................... 5**97│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 0EBh Not Used ...................................... 5**98│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 0ECh Not Used ...................................... 5**99│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 0EDh Not Used ..................................... 5**100│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 0EEh Not Used ..................................... 5**101│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 0EFh GEM interface (Digital Research) ............. 5**102│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ entry CX 0473h DS:DX pointer to GEM parameter block note no other parameters are known ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 0F0h unknown ...................................... 5**103│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note 1) Used by secondary copy of COMMAND when SHELL= set. 2) Not used by COMMAND /C at DOS prompt. 3) Used by BASIC while in interpreter. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupts 0F1h-0FFh (absolute addresses 3C4h-3FFh) ......... 5**104│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note Location of Interprocess Communications Area. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 0F4h Not Used ............ ........................ 5**105│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 0F5h Not Used ............ ........................ 5**106│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 0F8h Set Shell Interrupt (OEM) .................... 5**107│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ Set OEM handler for int 21h calls from 0F9h through 0FFh entry AH 0F8h DS:DX pointer to handler for Functions 0F9h thru 0FFh note 1) To reset these calls, pass DS and DX with 0FFFFh. DOS is set up to allow ONE handler for all 7 of these calls. Any call to these handlers will result in the carry bit being set and AX will contain 1 if they are not initialized. The handling routine is passed all registers just as the user set them. The OEM handler routine should be exited through an IRET. 2) 10 ms interval timer (Tandy?) ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 0F9h Reserved ..................................... 5**108│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note First of 8 SHELL service codes, reserved for OEM shell (WINDOW); use like HP Vectra user interface? ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 0FAh USART ready (RS-232C) ........................ 5**109│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 0FBh USART RS ready (keyboard) .................... 5**110│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 0FCh Unknown .......................................5**111│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 0FDh reserved for user interrupt .................. 5**112│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 0FEh reserved by IBM .............................. 5**113│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note AT/XT286/PS50+ - vector destroyed by return from protected mode. ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │Interrupt 0FFh reserved by IBM .............................. 5**114│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ note 1) AT/XT286/PS50+ - vector destroyed by return from protected mode. 2) Zenith Z-100 (S-100 bus MSDOS) warm boot.